25 state district court judges preside over 15 districts, with more districts created in 2013 and 2017. The first explorers met Indians whose ancestors had occupied the region for thousands of years. (See Law and Government below. The largest city in the state's southeastern part is Pine Bluff. [108] According to CNBC, Arkansas is the 20th-best state for business, with the 2nd-lowest cost of doing business, 5th-lowest cost of living, 11th-best workforce, 20th-best economic climate, 28th-best-educated workforce, 31st-best infrastructure and the 32nd-friendliest regulatory environment. In the latter area, Republicans have been known to get 90% or more of the vote, while the rest of the state was more Democratic. [111], Today only about three percent of the population are employed in the agricultural sector,[112] it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking 13th in the nation in the value of products sold. Many counties did not submit full reports to the secretary of state, who did double duty as commissioner of common schools. The final s of both state names was originally the plural morpheme -s, added to indicate that the words referred to a group of people, as in Apaches or Navajos. [162] Through reforms, the state is a leader in requiring curricula designed to prepare students for postsecondary education, rewarding teachers for student achievement, and providing incentives for principals who work in lower-tier schools. The common name "pawpaw" was first used by the English in the 16th century for papaya (Carica papaya) and later used by early American settlers for this species. Arkansas was one of just three states among the states of the former Confederacy that sent two Democrats to the U.S. Senate (the others being Florida and Virginia) for any period during the first decade of the 21st century. Arkansas has elected only three Republicans to the U.S. Senate since Reconstruction: Tim Hutchinson, who was defeated after one term by Mark Pryor; John Boozman, who defeated incumbent Blanche Lincoln; and Tom Cotton, who defeated Pryor in 2014. YouTube Link The German and Slovak peoples settled in the eastern part of the state known as the Prairie, and the Irish founded small communities in the southeast part of the state. The court held that plaintiffs prevailed on all their claims, finding the ban violated the Equal Protection . corprequest@sos.arkansas.gov His will at the time of his death listed "four Indian slaves, three horses and 700 hogs" which were auctioned off. With the 1868 elections, the first county school commissioners took office. [156][157] Arkansas has been making strides in education reform. [141], Healthcare in Arkansas is provided by a network of hospitals as members of the Arkansas Hospital Association. After 2010, Republican strength expanded further to the Northeast and Southwest and into the Little Rock suburbs. 1401 W. Capitol Avenue, Suite 250 The northwestern corner of the state, including the FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area, is a population, education, and economic center. The state maintains a large system of state highways today, in addition to eight Interstates and 20 U.S. . Arkansas ( / rkns / ( listen) AR-kn-saw [c]) is a landlocked state in the south-central region of the Southern United States. Sports are also very important to the culture, including football, baseball, basketball, hunting, and fishing. FS Library film 1320577 Item 1 and Swanton, John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 34th most populous state, with a population of just over 3 million at the 2020 census. The rock marked the beginning of the primary trail route to the southwest, and was also used as a boundary marker for the Quapaw Indian lands in their 1818 treaty. Their families have been in the state so long, in many cases since before statehood, that they choose to identify simply as having American ancestry or do not in fact know their ancestry. In 1891 state legislators passed a requirement for a literacy test, knowing it would exclude many blacks and whites. The Delta region is bisected by a geological formation known as Crowley's Ridge. Black sharecroppers began to try to organize a farmers' union after World WarI. [4], Arkansas is home to many caves, such as Blanchard Springs Caverns. The governor of Arkansas is Sarah Huckabee Sanders, a Republican, who was inaugurated on January 10, 2023. [143] Together, these two institutions are the state's only Level I trauma centers. The history of Arkansas began millennia ago when humans first crossed into North America.Many tribes used Arkansas as their hunting lands but the main tribe was the Quapaw, who settled in the Arkansas River delta upon moving south from Illinois.Early French explorers gave the territory its name, a corruption of Akansea, which is a phonetic spelling from the Illinois language word for the Quapaw. The Mississippi River and Arkansas River are both major rivers. [46] These mountain ranges are part of the U.S. Bauxite was formerly a large part of the state's economy, mined mostly around Saline County. [19][20] Tonti established Arkansas Post at a Quapaw village in 1686, making it the first European settlement in the territory. The governor accompanied the troops to the scene; President Woodrow Wilson had approved their use. Arkansas's mines produce natural gas, oil, crushed stone, bromine, and vanadium. Arkansas's record high is 120F (49C) at Ozark on August 10, 1936; the record low is 29F (34C) at Gravette, on February 13, 1905. In about 1811, Captain Zebulon Pike, a noted explorer, spelled it ARKANSAW. [33] The wealth developed among planters of southeast Arkansas caused a political rift between the northwest and southeast. Some journalists suggested the speech was a threat to his ambitions; Clinton defined it "a comedy of error, just one of those fluky things". The white-tailed deer is the official state mammal. Farther from the river, in the southeastern part of the state, the Grand Prairie has a more undulating landscape. [26], Slavery became a wedge issue in Arkansas, forming a geographic divide that remained for decades. It means "fire maker" (unknown origin). [180] Millions of acres of public land are available for both bow and modern gun hunters.[179]. Photo by Thomas23on Flickr (noncommercial use permitted with attribution / share alike). [84] [85], Per the 2019 census estimates, Arkansas was 72.0% non-Hispanic white, 15.4% Black or African American, 0.5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.5% Asian, 0.4% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 0.1% some other race, 2.4% two or more races, and 7.7% Hispanic or Latin American of any race. [174] The museum includes walking trails and educational opportunities in addition to displaying over 450 works covering five centuries of American art. Fishing has always been popular in Arkansas,[citation needed] and the sport and the state have benefited from the creation of reservoirs across the state. Notable people from the state include politician and educational advocate William Fulbright; former president Bill Clinton, who also served as the 40th and 42nd governor of Arkansas; general Wesley Clark, former NATO Supreme Allied Commander; Walmart founder and magnate Sam Walton;[13] singer-songwriters Johnny Cash, Charlie Rich, Jimmy Driftwood, and Glen Campbell; actor-filmmaker Billy Bob Thornton; poet C. D. Wright; physicist William L. McMillan, a pioneer in superconductor research; poet laureate Maya Angelou; Douglas MacArthur; musician Al Green; actor Alan Ladd; basketball player Scottie Pippen; singer Ne-Yo; Chelsea Clinton; actress Sheryl Underwood; and author John Grisham. ARGenWeb Project who welcome you to contribute. [163], As an organized territory, and later in the early days of statehood, education was funded by the sales of federally controlled public lands. Literature set in Arkansas such as I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou and A Painted House by John Grisham describe the culture at various time periods. In 2014, the Pew Research Center determined that 79% of the population was Christian, dominated by evangelicals in the Southern Baptist and independent Baptist churches. [161] Governor Mike Beebe has made improving education a major issue through his attempts to spend more on education. By 1811, when the first U.S. census was taken, white settlers, 1,062 of them, outnumbered the Quapaw two-to-one. No mechanized vehicles nor developed campgrounds are allowed in these areas. [35] Passion for the Confederate cause waned after implementation of programs such as the draft, high taxes, and martial law. [27] The "hill country" of northwest Arkansas was unable to grow cotton and relied on a cash-scarce, subsistence farming economy.[28]. What do you call a person from Arkansas? Established by the Arkansas Constitution in 1836, the court's decisions can be appealed to only the Supreme Court of the United States. Sports have become an integral part of the culture of Arkansas, and her residents enjoy participating in and spectating various events throughout the year. The genus name, according to some writers, originates from "Osmunder," a Saxon name for Thor, the god of thunder. English and Scots-Irish immigrants settled throughout the back country of the South and in the more mountainous areas. Between 1905 and 1911, Arkansas began to receive a small immigration of German, Slovak, and Scots-Irish from Europe. Based on the order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt given shortly after Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, nearly 16,000 Japanese Americans were forcibly removed from the West Coast of the United States and incarcerated in two internment camps in the Arkansas Delta. [106] The median household income from 2011 to 2015 was $41,371, ranking 49th in the nation. Arkansas retains the death penalty. Please note this figure refers to only the number of students paddled, regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in a year, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be substantially higher. Battles early in the war took place in northwest Arkansas, including the Battle of Cane Hill, Battle of Pea Ridge, and Battle of Prairie Grove. The Arkansas Supreme Court can review Court of Appeals cases upon application by either a party to the litigation, upon request by the Court of Appeals, or if the Arkansas Supreme Court feels the case should have been initially assigned to it. The United States Army Corps of Engineers maintains the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, allowing barge traffic up the Arkansas River to the Port of Catoosa in Tulsa, Oklahoma. A trove of Arkansas's historical artifacts and information concentrating on the pre-Civil War era, Historic Arkansas Museum has a permanent exhibit devoted to Native American life in The Natural State called "We Walk in Two Worlds: The Caddo, Osage & Quapaw in Arkansas." The exhibition contains 158 objects, such as pottery, clothing and weapons, but most important is the dominant . But the percentage of whites over 20 years old who were illiterate was given as: In 2010 Arkansas students earned an average score of 20.3 on the ACT exam, just below the national average of 21. Arkansas's judicial branch has five court systems: Arkansas Supreme Court, Arkansas Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, District Courts and City Courts. Lumbering and paper milling activity is active throughout the region. [12] Much of the Delta had been developed for cotton plantations, and landowners there largely depended on enslaved African Americans' labor. The town's attractions included horse racing and other entertainment. Others say that Arkansas is a French version of "Kansas, a Sioux Indian name for "south wind people." Following the purchase, the balanced give-and-take relationship between settlers and Native Americans began to change all along the frontier, including in Arkansas. [103] Arkansas continued to be dominated by evangelicals, followed by mainline Protestants and historically black or African American churches. [146] Other public institutions include University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Arkansas Tech University, Henderson State University, Southern Arkansas University, and University of Central Arkansas across the state. By Nadine Yousif. Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?'. Most cases begin in district court, which is subdivided into state district court and local district court. 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