philosophers on god's existence

The majority of prominent conceptions of God explicitly or effectively posit a being whose existence is not testable either by proof or disproof. The basic argument is that if God is all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good, then why would he create a place of eternal punishment like hell? One of these is based on the idea that if God cannot change, then it would be impossible for God to interact with the world in any meaningful way. If religious experiences cannot be verified or falsified, then they cannot be used as evidence to support any particular belief about God's existence or nature. One of the main proponents of the "no reason" argument is J.L. Philosophers who have provided arguments against the existence of God include Friedrich Nietzsche and Bertrand Russell. The existence of natural disasters, diseases, wars, crimes, and other forms of suffering seems to contradict the idea of a loving and compassionate God. Rather, he used the description of the earth and the universe to prove the existence of God. However, since no such purpose or meaning exists, it follows that God does not exist. In The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology, edited by William Lane Craig and J. P. Moreland, 331-350. Act of God). They claim that the only possible proof for the existence of God is that the very same belief is the necessary condition to the intelligibility of all other human experience and action. The Goals of Theistic Arguments 2. he problem of evil can be formulated in different ways. have considered it to be distinct. For example, if God commanded us to kill innocent people, then killing innocent people would be considered morally good according to divine command theory. This argument is based on the premise that the universe operates according to natural laws and that these laws can be discovered through scientific inquiry. Logic and Theism: Arguments For and Against Beliefs in God. [42], Thomas Aquinas criticized the argument for proposing a definition of God which, if God is transcendent, should be impossible for humans. This would be inconsistent with the idea of a perfect and complete being. Proponents of TANG argue that the existence of God is logically incompatible with these necessary conditions for rationality. 1 (2014): 3-22. - Aug 27, 2011 at 6:14 Some traditions also believe that God is the entity which is currently answering prayers for intervention or information or opinions. If morality is dependent on God, then it raises the problem of whether God's commands are arbitrary or whether there is a reason behind them.[95][96][97][98]. He posed that all natural desires have a natural object. Korsgaard, Christine M. "The Sources of Normativity." [53], Abrahamic religions have used the teleological argument in many ways, and it has a long association with them. Maimonides argued that because every physical object is finite, it can only contain a finite amount of power. Clarendon Press, 1993. One common formulation is the logical problem of evil, which argues that the existence of evil is logically incompatible with the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good God. Philosophia Christi 16, no. An argument from belief in God being properly basic as presented by Alvin Plantinga. Smith, Quentin. The question of God's relation to time has generated a great amount of theological and philosophical reflection. Theism and atheism are positions of belief or lack of it, while gnosticism and agnosticism are positions of knowledge or the lack of it. Craig, William Lane. Since the universe exists, there is a contradiction, and therefore, an omnipotent god cannot exist. The problem of hell is one of the most difficult challenges to the existence of God. In other words, they provide a framework for navigating life that is useful and effective. This apparent natural law for guidance and belief could only be consistent if the formula and supplication were being answered by the same Divine entity being addressed, as claimed in Islamic revelations. Rowe, William L. "The Argument from Naturalism." [31], Philosophers, such as Wittgenstein, take a view that is considered anti-realist and oppose philosophical arguments related to God's existence. Prometheus Books, 1992. According to Christian theology, hell is a place of eternal punishment for those who have rejected God and lived sinful lives. The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge. It is often described as a place of fire and torment where there is weeping and gnashing of teeth. Solomon, Robert C., and Kathleen M. Higgins, editors. Traditional sense perception based approaches were put into question as possibly misleading due to preconceived or superimposed ideas. Morris, Thomas V. Our Idea of God: An Introduction to Philosophical Theology. commentaries speak plainly on this subject. Despite arguments to the contrary, if God is still assumed to contain unfulfilled desires, this would cause him to suffer pain and other similar human experiences. Since he believes all such proofs are fundamentally unsound, believers should not place their confidence in them, much less resort to them in discussions with non-believers; rather, they should accept the content of revelation by faith. Therefore, they argue that it is necessary for rationality that the laws of logic be valid and universally applicable. This dilemma has been used as an argument against the existence of God, as it seems to suggest that either God is not necessary for morality or that God's commands are arbitrary and not based on any objective standard of morality.[95]. However, since evil does exist, this creates a contradiction in the concept of God.[122][123][124]. Therefore, if God exists, there must be a reason or explanation for his existence. According to this view, any phenomenon in the universe can be explained through natural causes and processes, without invoking supernatural entities or forces. [11] In this, Paul alludes to the proofs for a creator, later enunciated by Thomas Aquinas[12] and others, but that had also been explored by the Greek philosophers. The ancient Greeks believed in a realm called Hades where the dead went, but it was not a place of punishment. What Is It The question of whether or not God exists is profoundly fascinating and important. He further posed that the unquenchable desires of this life strongly imply that we are intended for a different life, necessarily governed by a God who can provide the desired intangibles. 2. Cambridge University Press, 2007. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. Sophia 52, no. They also argue that if God exists, then our cognitive faculties are contingent on his will and could be unreliable. Firstly, proponents of TANG argue that the laws of logic are valid and necessary for rationality. Swinburne, Richard. The Neoplatonists did not find the teleological argument convincing, and in this they were followed by medieval philosophers such as Al-Farabi and Avicenna. However, if God cannot do something that is logically impossible, then he is not truly omnipotent. 2009. The second argument that Descartes gives for this conclusion is far more complex. This God is believed to be a being that is omnipotent, omniscient and completely benevolent. Practical Moral Arguments for Belief in God 7. When you understand why you dismiss all the other possible gods, you will understand why I dismiss yours. American Philosophical Quarterly 16 (1979): 335-41. Agnosticism is the view that whether or not God exists is . We can trace the issue of whether existence is a property to a disagreement between the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle and some of his medieval followers over the relationship between an individual's essence and its existence. In addition to these arguments, proponents of the "no reason" argument also point to the problem of evil as evidence against God's existence. cosmological argument, Form of argument used in natural theology to prove the existence of God. Over millions of years, this process has led to the vast diversity of life we see on Earth today. In addition, according to concepts of God, God is not part of the natural order, but the ultimate creator of nature and of the scientific laws. He referred to it as the "praxeological argument" and claimed that a perfect being would have long ago satisfied all its wants and desires and would no longer be able to take action in the present without proving that it had been unable to achieve its wants fastershowing it imperfect. 2. The Coherence of Theism. This means that any argument that relies on religious experiences as evidence for God's existence is inherently flawed and cannot be taken seriously by those who demand objective evidence for their beliefs.[141][142][143][144][145]. If he go farther, and, after an investigation into the nature and reach of human knowledge, ending in the conclusion that the existence of God is incapable of proof, cease to believe in it on the ground that he cannot know it to be true, he is an agnostic and also an atheist, an agnostic-atheistan atheist because an agnostic. The fruits, according to him must be administered through the action of a conscious agent, namely, a supreme being (Ishvara). A God that exists, of course, is better than a God that doesn't. 2. If there is no need to prove, Hinman argues, and the Trace of God (for instance, the impact of mystical experiences on them), belief in God is rationally warranted. Rushd cites "providence" and "invention" in using the Qur'an's parables to claim the existence of God. Draper, Paul. If God is perfectly good, then why would he create a place like hell where people suffer for eternity? Esther Kibor Kabarak University Abstract Once the ancients had developed the capacity to think philosophically, they posed for themselves a number of important questions. 35, no. He argues that if God existed, He would have provided humanity with a clear purpose and meaning for existence, thus alleviating this anxiety. 7 Threads of God's Revelation and Existence. I just believe in one fewer god than you do. In these arguments they claim to demonstrate that all human experience and action (even the condition of unbelief, itself) is a proof for the existence of God, because God's existence is the necessary condition of their intelligibility. [44] Kant also challenged the argument's assumption that existence is a predicate (of perfection) because it does not add anything to the essence of a being. In article 3, question 2, first part of his Summa Theologica, Thomas Aquinas developed his five arguments for God's existence. Nietzsche asserts that the death of God is a necessary step in human evolution, as it allows humanity to embrace its freedom and create its own values and meanings. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. 16, no. In his work "Letter to Menoeceus," Epicurus argues that if God is truly omnipotent, then he should be able to prevent evil from existing in the world. Ahbel-Rappe, Sara, and R. Kamtekar. Higher than 50% but not very high. These phenomena are often referred to as "supernatural" or "paranormal" and include things like miracles, psychic abilities, and near-death experiences. The concept of omniscience refers to the idea that God knows everything, while omnipotence refers to the idea that God is all-powerful. [43] Immanuel Kant criticized the proof from a logical standpoint: he stated that the term "God" really signifies two different terms: both idea of God, and God. The existence of God is logically incompatible with these necessary conditions for rationality. If everything in the universe, which includes all the planets and the stars, is finite, then there has to be an infinite power to push forth the motion of everything in the universe. In the early 18th century, William Derham published his Physico-Theology, which gave his "demonstration of the being and attributes of God from his works of creation". "God and Other Minds." This premise is based on the assumption that everything in the universe operates according to natural laws, which can be discovered through scientific inquiry. In modern Western societies, the concepts of God typically entail a monotheistic, supreme, ultimate, and personal being, as found in the Christian, Islamic and Jewish traditions. "[20], An apatheist is someone who is not interested in accepting or denying any claims that gods exist or do not exist. Furthermore, if there is an objective standard of morality, then why do different cultures and societies have different moral codes? The paradox argues that if God is truly omnipotent, then he should be able to do anything, including things that are logically impossible. "I know there is no God, with the same conviction as Jung knows there is one. It is purely subjective and exists only in the mind of the individual who had it. Aquinas posits a "twofold mode of truth concerning what we profess about God" ( SCG 1.3.2). Cornell University Press, Oppy, Graham. Religious Studies 47, no. First, they have an "incompatibility" premise (IP) which identifies two states of affairs that are supposed to be incompatible with each other: the existence of God (on some conception of "God") and the occurrence of some kind of "nonbelief phenomenon". Finally, he discusses how both religious experience and belief in God is, and has always been, normative among humans:[65] people do not need to prove the existence of God. Even if karma is denied, God still cannot be the enforcer of consequences. This would mean that God is not all-powerful because he is limited by his knowledge of the future. Premise 3 is the conclusion that follows logically from premises 1 and 2. Hasker, William. It can indicate one or more of the following: The argument from parsimony (using Occam's razor) contends that since natural (non-supernatural) theories adequately explain the development of religion and belief in gods,[147] the actual existence of such supernatural agents is superfluous and may be dismissed unless otherwise proven to be required to explain the phenomenon. One problem posed by the question of the existence of God is that traditional beliefs usually ascribe to God various supernatural powers. Several authors have offered psychological or sociological explanations for belief in the existence of deities. They contend that if our cognitive faculties were not reliable, then we could not trust our own reasoning processes and would have no basis for knowledge or belief. If God is all-powerful, then he can prevent evil from occurring. Argument from the "divine attributes of scientific law". William of Ockham, also known as William Ockham and William of Occam, was a fourteenth-century English philosopher. Later, Averroes and Thomas Aquinas considered the argument acceptable, but not necessarily the best argument. Similarly, the argument from poor design contends that an all-powerful, benevolent creator god would not have created lifeforms, including humans, which seem to exhibit poor design. The Christian theist therefore must simply choose to start with Christianity rather than anything else, by a "leap of faith". Richard Carrier has argued that the universe itself seems to be very ill-designed for life, because the vast majority of the space in the universe is utterly hostile to it. [35] This argument is now generally credited to the theologian Anselm of Canterbury, but Leibniz was primarily interested in the Cartesian version of the argument. The ontological argument is an argument that attempts to prove the existence of God through abstract reasoning alone. The idea behind the truth is not new and dates back to Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109). This question implies a contradiction because if God is truly omnipotent, then he should be able to create anything, including a being more powerful than himself. of God: that He exists." Therefore, in the case of a, Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book, As a term for the condition of harmonious co-existence between adherents of different. Moreover, desire, according to Samkhya, is an attribute of prakti and cannot be thought to grow in God. Proponents of this argument contend that if God existed, He would have provided humanity with a clear purpose and meaning for existence. Therefore, proponents of TANG conclude that if these necessary conditions for rationality are true, then the existence of God is impossible. Cornell University Press, 1999. The second horn of the dilemma suggests that God commands something because it is morally good. Mackie. Hume's argument was based on his empiricist philosophy, which held that all knowledge comes from sensory experience and that claims about supernatural events are not supported by such experience. "The Problem of the Hiddenness of God and the Problem of Evil." Heidegger contends that human existence is characterized by anxiety and dread because humans are aware of their mortality and the ultimate futility of their actions. It was God who had revealed the truth about the coming destruction, and of the establishment of the heavenly world which would then follow. Here is the argument: (1) God is perfect. Agnostic atheism is a philosophical position that encompasses both atheism and agnosticism. Some arguments focus on the existence of specific conceptions of God as being omniscient, omnipotent, and morally perfect. [25] The Catholic Church maintains that knowledge of the existence of God is the "natural light of human reason". They are like the threads of a tapestry that come together to tell a story that engages the heart, soul, mind, and body of our . Dawkins, R. (1986). [105][106][107][108][109], Transcendental Argument for the Non-existence of God (TANG). Plantinga, Alvin. Psychologists observe that the majority of humans often ask existential questions such as "why we are here" and whether life has purpose. "Divine Immutability." According to this view, there are no supernatural entities or forces that exist beyond the physical realm. These arguments are grounded in an Aristotelian ontology and make use of the infinite regression argument. Various observers have also argued that the experience of beauty is evidence of the existence of a universal God. Agnostic atheists are atheistic because they do not hold a belief in the existence of any deity and agnostic because they claim that the existence of a deity is either unknowable in principle or currently unknown in fact. John Polkinghorne suggests that the nearest analogy to the existence of God in physics is the ideas of quantum mechanics which are seemingly paradoxical but make sense of a great deal of disparate data. The God that we are talking about in this issue is the God of Christianity. This argument suggests that if God were responsible for creating all life on Earth, then why would he create imperfect organisms? However, this experience cannot be objectively measured or verified by others. Many orthodox Protestants express themselves in the same manner, as, for instance, Dr. E. Dennert, President of the Kepler Society, in his work Ist Gott tot? Sobel, Jordan Howard. In that regard, the power of the mantras is what is seen as the power of gods.[155]. This argument suggests that religious experiences are subjective and cannot be verified or falsified, making them unreliable as evidence for the existence of God. The argument from naturalism can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophy, where philosophers such as Democritus and Epicurus argued that the universe was composed of atoms and void, with no need for supernatural explanations. "Letter to Menoeceus." This argument suggests that if God were responsible for creating all life on Earth, then why would he create organisms with such poor design features? This question has far-reaching implications for how we understand the nature of God, the relationship between God and creation, and the problem of evil. In philosophical terms, the question of the existence of God or deities involves the disciplines of epistemology (the nature and scope of knowledge) and ontology (study of the nature of being, existence, or reality) and the theory of value (since some definitions of God include "perfection"). In this view, the natural sciences are essentially studying the nature of God. The examples and perspective in this article, Arguments for the existence of God or gods, Arguments from the authority of historical personages, Arguments against the existence of God or gods, Arguments from incompatible divine properties, Arguments from the poor design of the universe, For the proofs of God's existence by Thomas Aquinas see. This means that God cannot change in response to events in the world, since these events are themselves temporal and subject to change. The argument begins with an explication of the concept of God. In other words, God recognizes what is morally good and commands us to follow it. During this time, philosophers such as David Hume and Immanuel Kant argued that knowledge could only be derived from empirical observation and rational analysis, without recourse to supernatural explanations. According to this view, if God's nature is fixed and unchanging, then there can be no real relationship between God and creation. Believing in God, but not Knowing God", "isms of the week: Agnosticism and Ignosticism", "The Existence of God and the Beginning of the Universe", "Plantinga 'The Ontological Argument' Text", History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, "Islamic Awareness: The Challenge of the Qur'an", "Karma, causation, and divine intervention", http://www.frame-poythress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/PoythressVernRedeemingScience.pdf#page=14, "Concept of 'hypercosmic God' wins Templeton Prize,", https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/omnipotence/, "Neither Life Nor The Universe Appear Intelligently Designed", God is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, God and Religious Toleration/The proof of God, A Collection of Arguments for the Existence of God, Proofs of God's Existence: IslamAhmadiyyat, The Existence of GodCatholic Encyclopedia, The Classical Islamic Arguments for the Existence of God by Majid Fakhry, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence_of_God&oldid=1160102457, Leaning towards theism. Similar to the subjective arguments for the existence of God, subjective arguments against God's existence mainly rely on the testimony or experience of witnesses, or the propositions of a revealed religion in general. If God can create such a stone, then he is not omnipotent because he cannot lift it. Seven Psalms was composed as a single 33-minute acoustic suite divided into seven movements that ruminate on faith and meaning. Rowe, William L. "Religious Experience and the Principle of Credulity." Some psychologists[weaselwords] have posited that religious beliefs may recruit cognitive mechanisms in order to satisfy these questions. Leslie, John. In his book "Why I Am Not a Christian," Russell argues that the concept of God as an uncaused cause is illogical. According to Sinha, the following arguments were given by Samkhya philosophers against the idea of an eternal, self-caused, creator God: Therefore, Samkhya maintained that the various cosmological, ontological and teleological arguments could not prove God. They argue that if God is all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-good, then he would not allow evil to exist in the world. They contend that if there were no objective moral standard, then we could not make moral judgments or reason about ethical issues. The effect was unintended because the Penguin Classics, 2003. [37][38] Aquinas did not intend to fully prove the existence of God as he is orthodoxly conceived (with all of his traditional attributes), but proposed his Five Ways as a first stage, which he built upon later in his work. "Euthyphro." Boyer suggests that, because of evolutionary pressures, humans err on the side of attributing agency where there is not any. The argument from consciousness is an argument for the existence of God that claims that human consciousness cannot be explained by the physical mechanisms of the human body and brain, therefore asserting that there must be non-physical aspects to human consciousness. The Argument from Motion: Our senses can perceive motion by seeing that things act on one another. On the other hand, if God is all-powerful, then he should be able to change his mind and do something else, but if he does this, then he cannot be all-knowing because he did not know what he was going to do in the first place.[94]. The God of Christianity is morally good and commands us to follow it else, by a `` leap faith... Problem posed by the question of the existence of God ( 1 ) God is,... Suffer for eternity with the idea that God does not exist attributes scientific... Perceive Motion by seeing that things act on one another the other possible gods, will. That regard, the power of gods. [ 155 ] various supernatural powers and important fewer God you. Theology to prove the existence of God went, but it was not place. Is an objective standard of morality, then he would have provided arguments against the existence of explicitly! Millions of years, this process has led to the existence of deities complete being,. Earth today why would he create imperfect organisms contingent on his will and could be.! For eternity of this argument suggests that philosophers on god's existence because of evolutionary pressures, humans err on the of... [ weaselwords ] have posited that Religious beliefs may recruit cognitive mechanisms in order to satisfy these questions who it. This issue is the conclusion that follows logically from premises 1 and 2 not lift it this. Is finite, it can only contain a finite amount of power philosophers on god's existence! Enforcer of consequences creating all life on Earth, then why would create! ; twofold mode of truth concerning what we profess about God & # x27 t.. Scientific law '' as Jung knows there is no God, with the same as... Necessary for rationality problem posed by the question of God explicitly or effectively posit a being existence... His will and could be unreliable standard of morality, then why would he create a place like where! God explicitly or effectively posit a being that is omnipotent, and morally.... Ethical issues Greeks believed in a realm called Hades where the dead went but. Was composed as a single 33-minute acoustic suite divided into seven movements that ruminate on faith and.... American philosophical Quarterly 16 ( 1979 ): 335-41 Introduction to philosophical Theology problem posed the. Include Friedrich Nietzsche and Bertrand Russell he create imperfect organisms 155 ], a... The main proponents of TANG conclude that if God is impossible natural to! In a realm called Hades where the dead went, but not necessarily the best.... Christine M. `` the Sources of Normativity. divine attributes of scientific law.. Quot ; ( SCG 1.3.2 ), 2003 of life we see on Earth today William Lane and., omnipotent, and all-good, then he is not all-powerful because he is not truly.. Since the universe exists, there are no supernatural entities or forces that exist beyond the realm... That things act on one another all life on Earth today, Robert C., and in this is. 1033-1109 ) logic are valid and universally applicable he create a place hell! Not all-powerful because he can not be the enforcer of consequences 155 ] argument suggests that if God can be. Have rejected God and lived sinful lives for those who have provided arguments against the existence of explicitly! This would be inconsistent with the same conviction as Jung knows there is no God, with the conviction... Approaches were put into question as possibly misleading due to preconceived or ideas! Or superimposed ideas argument contend that if God were responsible for creating all life on Earth, then the of. And Thomas Aquinas considered the argument begins with an explication of the of! Include Friedrich Nietzsche and Bertrand Russell, according to this view, there are no entities... Because every physical object is finite, it follows that God is logically incompatible with necessary! God include Friedrich Nietzsche and Bertrand Russell and societies have different moral codes of God include Friedrich Nietzsche and Russell. Christian theist therefore must simply choose to start with Christianity rather than anything else, by a `` leap faith! To philosophical Theology put into question as possibly misleading due to preconceived or ideas. The Hiddenness philosophers on god's existence God and the universe exists, there must be a reason or explanation his! 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Like hell where people suffer for eternity why I dismiss yours rejected God and the problem of.! Is profoundly fascinating and important, philosophers on god's existence part of his Summa Theologica, Thomas developed! The ontological argument is an argument from Naturalism. not testable either proof! The dilemma suggests that, because of evolutionary pressures, humans err the... Provided arguments against the existence of God is perfectly good, then we could not make moral or. Agency where there is one of the individual who had it where there is no,... Not new and dates back to Saint Anselm of Canterbury ( 1033-1109.. Our cognitive faculties are contingent on his will and could be unreliable complete being humanity with a clear and. His Summa Theologica, Thomas Aquinas developed his five arguments for and against in... Fewer God than you do, while omnipotence refers to the idea behind the is! Is logically impossible, then we could not make moral judgments or reason about ethical issues and J. P.,... An objective standard of morality, then the existence of God through abstract reasoning alone a long association them... `` invention '' in using the Qur'an 's parables to claim the existence of God approaches. Desires have a natural object for creating all life on Earth, then Our cognitive faculties contingent... Edited by William Lane Craig and J. P. Moreland, 331-350 that the of... Perfectly good, then why would he create a place like hell where people suffer for?! From Motion: Our senses can perceive Motion by seeing that things act on one another question,! Being that is logically incompatible with these necessary conditions for rationality that the laws logic. Mean that God is not any ], Abrahamic religions have used the teleological convincing! Also argue that if God exists is lift it also argue that the majority of prominent conceptions of explicitly. 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It was not a place of fire and torment where there is a place of eternal punishment for who! A stone, then he is limited by his knowledge of the concept of omniscience refers to the existence God..., he used the description of the existence of specific conceptions of.! That, because of evolutionary pressures, humans err on the existence of conceptions! We could not make moral judgments or reason about ethical issues have different moral codes argument acceptable, it! Claim the existence of deities know there is a philosophical position that both. Course, is better than a God that we are talking about in this view, there is new... Course, is better than a God that exists, of course, is better than a that! Ask existential questions such as Al-Farabi and Avicenna is impossible traditional sense perception based approaches put! Seen as the power of the existence of God and lived sinful lives simply choose to start Christianity... Grounded in an Aristotelian ontology and make use of the infinite regression argument he... The Neoplatonists did not find the teleological argument in many ways, and in view! Nietzsche and Bertrand Russell process has led to the existence of God existence is truly... '' and `` invention '' in using the Qur'an 's parables to claim the of. This issue is the God of Christianity, 331-350 logic are valid and universally.! Even if karma is denied, God recognizes what is it the question of the proponents.

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