So did the procurement and trade of raw shell from northern Mexico and its manufacture into jewelry. They may have also been constructed to align with astronomical observations. The spellings are commonly thought to be interchangeable, but they have different meanings. There was a major cultural retraction of territory, and two significant episodes of reorganization. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 7. Tucson, Arizona 85721-0026 Facebook |Twitter |YouTube |Instagram. Corn (maize) was the major crop; beans and squash were added after contact with the Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) culture. Hohokam definition, of, belonging to, or characteristic of an American Indian culture of the central and southern deserts of Arizona, about a.d. 450-1450, roughly contemporaneous with the Anasazi culture to the north. Highly symmetrical and well-polished axes were produced in large numbers at Mesa Grande. The name Hohokam means "those who have gone" in the language of the O'odham, the contemporary Native American inhabitants of southern Arizona. About 40% of this once huge settlement can be found within the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, which was established as the nation's first archeological reserve in 1892, and declared a national monument in 1918. Hohokam ceramics are defined by a distinct Plain, Red, and Decorated buffware tradition, and were made using a technique called coiling. From 1350 to 1450 the population plunges and traces of the Hohokam disappear from the archaeological record. 1013 EUniversity Blvd Reproductions of the front and back sides of a pyrite mirror from Mesoamerica, traded to the Hohokam and found in the Valley. A large plaza in front of the Mesa Grande Temple Mound which was enclosed by a large adobe wall. and a.d. 1450. [full citation needed], This growth brought a need for increased organization, and perhaps authority. Recent research has revealed, however, that certain communities were centers of ceramic production and provided specific types of pottery to other villages through trade. Trade occurred between the Patayan, who were situated along the Lower Colorado River and in southern California; the Trincheras of Sonora, Mexico; the Mogollon culture in Eastern Arizona; Southwest New Mexico; Northwest Chihuahua, Mexico; and the Ancestral Puebloans in Northern Arizona. Hohokam corner-notched arrowhead in situ in the Tucson Basin. Andrs de Tapia, a conquistador, described two rounded towers flanking the Templo Mayor made entirely of human skulls, and between them, a towering wooden rack displaying thousands more skulls. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe. Jay W. Sharp The genesis of this important village appears to have been associated with several groups of pithouses organized around a series of relatively small, circular plazas. Hohokam platform mounds are similar to mounds built and used in Mexico by such groups as the Toltec, Aztec and Maya. Originating as archaic hunters and gatherers who lived on wild plants and animals, these peoples settled in permanent communities and produced their own food instead of living a more mobile life and gathering what nature provided. Overall, the greater Grewe-Casa Grande archaeological site covered about 900 acres (3.6km2), centered on State Route 87 and immediately north of the modern city of Coolidge, Arizona. Discuss irrigation as a method used to modify or change the desert environment. Riddle me this: there are only 15 million Jews on Earth today (Google it). The coreor heartof the agave plant was also roasted in large hornos (pit ovens) and eaten. This stressed their most critical resource, water. Hallmarks include brown or buff-colored pottery decorated with reddish, ochre (hematite)-based paint; a highly developed tradition of shell jewelry manufacturing that included carved pendants; a growing a variety of crops, including maize (corn), various beans, squashes, and cotton, which were often irrigated by a complex system of canals and reservoirs; as well as the collection of many wild plants, including mesquites, cactus buds, grass seeds, and agave. Settlements along the same irrigation system probably shared some level of social and administrative hierarchy. Farmers had to maintain the fields and open and close the irrigation gates at the proper time. Stone was chipped into cutting tools with sharp edges or hammered into other shapes. Collectively, the Core and Peripheries formed the greater Hohokam Regional System, which occupied the northern or Upper Sonoran Desert in Arizona. prehistoric North American Indian culture. The community of Snaketown, once central to the culture, was suddenly abandoned. Human sacrifice to bring about change. Pendants and other objects made from turquoise were traded from many different sources into the Hohokam heartland. Throughout the Hohokam Chronological Sequence, individual homes were usually excavated approximately 40cm (16in) below ground level, had plastered or compacted floors of 12 to 35 m2, and had a bowl-shaped, clay-lined hearth near the wall-entry. Initially, larger communities featured ritual or ceremonial architecture in the form of large, open, oval-shaped depressions excavated into the ground surface, with soil mounded along the sides to create berms. Yet they clearly have very strong ties to the cultures of Mesoamerica, especially Mexico. [full citation needed], This phase was initially proposed as part of the Gladwinian scheme, but recently has fallen out of favor with many Hohokam archaeologists. This period also saw the construction of large and prestigious structures in the Salt-Gila Basin. As the western portion of this settlement grew, large sections of the eastern half declined and were abandoned. The Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument Hohokam ( / hohokm /) was a culture in the North American Southwest in what is now part of Arizona, United States, and Sonora, Mexico. Typically, this was in the form of taking prisoners . [10] Several palettes, from different periods, were found in the Gila Bend Region. Village architecture changed little, except for the addition of ball courts similar to those of the Maya. No structures were built atop these mounds, so it seems that the activities were conducted in the open for all of the community to witness. Petroglyphs at the Painted Rock Petroglyph Site. This project concentrated on a 30-acre (120,000m2) parcel at the Grewe site, and Compound F located within the northeast corner of the Casa Grande National Monument. Yet in WW2 when there was 1.8 billion, less than a quarter of todays population, there was 6 million Jews killed in concentration camps? Without it, the sun would cease to rise and the world would end. This phase also had the introduction the comal, similar to examples found in northern Mexico, and the production of bird-shaped effigy vessels. 2023 Arizona Museum of Natural History. At the time of these changes in the social and ritual lives of these communities, there were a number of other significant cultural changes underway. These stone or adobe buildings had up to four stories, and were probably used by the managerial or religious elites. During the Pioneer Period they also developed several varieties of pottery. Other archaeologists classify many of the defining, cultural characteristics as already within the indigenous farming communities by Hohokam rise. Have them color in the area of Hohokam occupation and trace the Gila and Salt Rivers. In modern-day Phoenix, the Hohokam are recognized for their large-scale irrigation networks. At its height in the early 11th century, Snaketown was the center of both the Hohokam culture and the production of the distinctive Hohokam buff ware. Hohokam culture, prehistoric North American Indians who lived approximately from 200 to 1400 ce in the semiarid region of present-day central and southern Arizona, largely along the Gila and Salt rivers. Today, due to massive urban development, the surface remains of the village have been reduced to a 6.4-acre parcel situated immediately west of the old Mesa Hospital. [full citation needed], Although Casa Grande red-on-buff continued to be produced, the pottery type that characterized this phase was Salado polychrome, primarily Gila polychrome. A war priest was called a nacom. Native religion in the American Southwest is rooted in a sense of place, and the natural world is intimately related to concepts of supernatural power and how ritual is to be used to support and sustain human life (Lamphere 1983; Underhill 1948). Mesoamerican ballgame The ball in front of the goal during a game of pok-ta-pok. ST87350010; "Lake Pleasant (Images of America)", Author: Gerard Giordano; Page: 13; Arcadia Publishing; 978-0-7385-7176-8, Fish, Suzanne K. "Hohokam Impacts on Sonoran Desert Environment" in, etching, daubing shells with pitch and bathing them in acid most likely made out of fermented cactus juice, "O'odham explanation of the term Huhugam", "Record Heat Waves And Droughts Can't Dry Up This Native Garden In Phoenix", "Drawing the Line on Hohokam: The Continental Site Revisited", "Hohokam Pallettes from the Gila Bend Region", "Virtual Hohokam Chronology Building and Research: Los Hornos", Arizona Museum of Natural History: Mesa Grande Ruins, Phoenix Parks Dept: Pueblo Grande Museum Archeological Park, https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10761-007-0031-9, University of Arizona: "Hohokam Indians of the Tucson Basin", Encyclopdia Britannica: "Hohokam Culture", National Park Service: Casa Grande Ruins National Monument homepage, National Park Service: Hohokam Pima National Monument, Tucsoncitizen.com: "Hohokam stargazer may have recorded 1006 supernova", Skytonight.com: "Experts question Hohokam "supernova" interpretation", Archaeology Southwest: Pieces of the Puzzle "What happened to the Hohokam? Life for the Hohokam focused, in large extent, on agriculture and growing crops. Researchers have suggested floods, salt buildup on the fields and warfare as causes of decline, but there are reasons to doubt each of these explanations. At this time, Los Hornos, now centered on Hardy Dr south of US 60 and north of Baseline Road, consisted of about 15 residential compounds, a large central plaza, a large rectangular platform mound with an associated compound, several large trash mounds, and numerous borrow pits and inhumation and cremation cemeteries. Definition of hohokam in the Definitions.net dictionary. Although the particulars of the practice changed somewhat, cremation remained the main practice in Hohokam until around 1300 CE. Therefore, the archaeological term Hohokam should not be confused with huhugam, the reverence of ancestors and descendants.[7][8]. ", Hohokam Irrigation Canals, Pueblo Grande Museum, Phoenix, Maricopa County, AZ, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hohokam&oldid=1152422937. More land came under cultivation, and Southwestern pigweed was grown. Hohokam Red wares were slipped with an iron-based pigment that turned red after the vessel was fired. Other important developments were the significant increased procurement and manufacture of red ware, and the near-universal use of inhumation burial in the area north of the Gila River, both similar to the practices and traditions used by the historic O'odham. Hohokam pottery sherds (The small brown ones) found in the ruins on top of Indian Mesa. The authors demonstrate that the game was more than a spectator sport; serving social, political, mythological, and cosmological functions, it celebrated both fertility and the afterlife, war and. However, huhugam refers to past human life and not to objects such as ruins. Give students the Hohokam Canal System Worksheet and read the directions . The results of these comprehensive archaeological projects have documented both a large Preclassic- and Classic-period village organized much the same as Snaketown and Pueblo Grande, respectively, yet on a somewhat smaller scale. In larger communities, the first Hohokam ball courts were constructed and served as focal points for games and ceremonies. Although sharing a common cultural expression, each of these major villages has its own unique history of emergence, growth, and eventual abandonment. Around 1400 or 1450 CE, the entire settlement was abandoned, except for a low-scale occupation associated with the Polvoron phase. The Hohokam people abandoned most of their settlements during the period between 1350 and 1450. Occupied in the Preclassic and Classic periods, each of these sites was composed of between two and 20 large residential areas. Seeds and grains were prepared on stone manos and metates. The number of small and medium-sized settlements seem to have declined as the larger communities became increasingly more densely occupied. [20] Engineering improved access to river water and the inhabitants excavated canals for irrigation. Area and canal systems expanded, and tobacco and agave production began. The following Hohokam archaeological sites and museums are open to the public, except for Hohokam Pima National Monument. [10] From 900 to 1150 CE, neighboring Chaco society encouraged trade throughout northern Arizona and into southwest Colorado and southern Utah. Large common ovens were used to cook bread and meat. Many of the canals were massive in size. This group might have occupied southern Arizona as early as 2000 BC! Hohokam settlements were located on trade routes that extended past the Hohokam area, as far east as the Great Plains and west to the Pacific coast. Many of the region's cultures, including the Maya and the Mexica, believed that human sacrifice nourished the gods. Bone was carved into intricate shapes. Press Enter to show all options, press Tab go to next option, Ologies: The Science of Anthropology and Paleontology, Arizona State Historic Preservation Office, Architecture and Chronology at Chichn Itz, Yucatn, Fort Crittendon Formation Paleontological Project, Shellenberger Canyon Paleontological Project, AZMNH Staff Academic and Research Publications. The ruins of a Hohokam village on top of Indian Mesa. [2], The origin of the culture is debated. POBox 210026 Great house structures, as with the one preserved at Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, were built only at the largest communities. Sometime during the later half of the 14th century CE, the Hohokam of the Phoenix Basin entered a period of social disruption and community disintegration. It existed between 300 and 1500 CE, with cultural precursors possibly as early as 300 BCE. Viracocha: He was typically personified as a human male, and known as the creator of humanity and everything else in the world. Los Hornos appears to have started around 400 CE, as a small cluster of rectangular pithouses situated on the extreme western edge of the site, west of Priest Dr and south of US 60. Examples of Santa Cruz Red-on-buff pottery (A.D. 850-A.D. 950) with designs common to the Phoenix Basin and the surrounding region during the Late Colonial Period. At first, the houses were individual structures constructed within or around a shallow depression excavated into the earth. [27], After a short period of population loss and community reorganization in the late 11th and early 12th centuries CE, Los Hornos continued to shift east and south in the Classic period. Their canal network in the Phoenix metropolitan area was the most complex in the pre-contact Western Hemisphere. ( Credit: Wikipedia) One goal of human sacrifices was to appease the gods by offering something of great value. [full citation needed]. There are several official spelling variants for the name, including Hobokam, Huhugam, and Huhukam. An archaeological division cannot be assumed to correspond to a particular language group or to a political entity such as a "tribe". By the late Formative and Preclassic periods, the Hohokam cremated their dead, very similar to the traditions documented among the historic Patayan culture to the west along the Lower Colorado River. The harshness of the Sonoran Desert may have been the most influential factor on the society. When making use of modern cultural divisions in the Southwest, three specific limitations in the current conventions exist: The true measure of the Hohokam can only be derived from the sum of their material culture. Located within the modern city of Tempe, Arizona, the Hohokam settlement of Los Hornos (from the Spanish los hornos, meaning 'the ovens') was initially investigated by Frank Cushing in 1887. Climate change apparently greatly affected Hohokam agriculture and so dispersed its large communities. This Hohokam pottery bowl is made from clay and painted with red glaze. It existed between 300 and 1500 CE, with cultural precursors possibly as early as 300 BCE. The later occupants of the area, the Pima and Tohono Oodham (Papago), are thought to be the direct descendants of the Hohokam people. "Prehistoric people traded, worshipped, and collaborated most often with other nearby groups. Although greatly reduced in scale and importance, the city continued to be occupied until it was effectively abandoned between 1400 and 1450 CE, as was much of the Lower Salt River basin. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. For example, in modern Western cultures, alternative styles of clothing characterize older and younger generations. After this period, most people were buried as extended inhumations, often with one or more vessels (possibly containing food) and other personal belongings such as jewelry and their tools. A portion of the ancient canals has been renovated for the Salt River Project and helps to supply the city's water. Irrigating up to 110,000 acres by AD 1300, the Hohokam irrigation systems supported the largest population in the prehistoric Southwest. Early archaeologists proposed that Hohokam culture developed in Mexico and moved into what is now Arizona. There appears to have been an elite class, as well as an increase in social status for craftsman. Houses were fairly ephemeral brush structures, suggesting that settlements were short-lived and the population fairly transient. By 1150 CE, pithouses were replaced by above-ground structures in the compound style with central courtyards. Seymour, Deni J., 2007a "A Syndetic Approach to Identification of the Historic Mission Site of San Cayetano Del Tumaccori". The Classic Period of Hohokam culture is notable for the peaceful intrusion of the Salado tribe, a branch of the Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) culture. Around A.D. 1150 to 1200, there was a shift towards surface structures with freestanding adobe walls that were often enclosed within a walled compound. This period is the aftermath of the Hohokam cultural collapse and a critical stage in the ethnogenesis of modern O'odham. A UC Berkeley archaeologist has dug up ancient human feces, among other demographic clues, to challenge the narrative around the legendary demise of Cahokia, North America's most iconic pre-Columbian metropolis. The members of the Salt and Gila River communities celebrate their heritage as descendants of the ancient Hohokam. Ceramics are produced from two distinct materials, clay and ground up stone or "temper" that is added to the clay to make it easier to work, resistant to cracking in the firing process, and more durable after the ceramic was fired. Ceramic pots were traded widely and it is not unusual to find vessels made in northern, southern and eastern Arizona in local Hohokam sites. This decline was previously greatly overestimated because smaller groups are harder to identify. Mexican influence increased. Crafted by removing the center of a clam shell, the bracelets were typically worn by men on their upper left arm. Website Design by Granicus - Connecting People and Government. Hohokam Culture. Despite this decline in numbers a smaller O'odham population survived and is a thriving culture today. Huhugam is an O'odham word for all O'odham ancestors, including those known to archaeologists as the Hohokam. By examining the ceramics found at single village, archaeologists can identify the other villages with which it traded. Hohokam burial practices varied over time, but cremation was a defining cultural characteristic of the Hohokam Core. Varieties in style may define arbitrary groups within a culture, perhaps identifying, Designating culture groups, such as the Hohokam, tends to create an image of group territories separated by clear-cut boundaries, like modern nation states. Other areas, including the Tucson Basin, were swept up in this breakdown and turmoil over the successive generations. In the arid desert environment of the Salt and Gila River Valleys, the homeland of the Hohokam, there was not enough rainfall to grow crops. Please note that the Museum no longer offers free Sundays. The wide range of vessel forms used for decorated pottery was discarded for globular jars with necks. These include the Casa Grande, Grewe, Vahki Inn Village, and Horvath sites. Archaeologists have identified a change in this arrangement at about A.D. 1000, when fenced enclosures were built around the mounds. Copper bells, created from native melted copper and using a lost wax technique, were obtained from northern and western Mexico. Pyrite mirrors, made from a round disk of schist on which were glued thin sheets of pyrite (a reflective metallic mineral often called fool's gold), were traded from the Valley of Mexico. For unknown reasons . Some figures portray mothers with infants and children and several have been found of pregnant women and even women in childbirth. To the first scientists who asked this question, the Hohokam seemed to appear in Arizona quite suddenly with the ability to build sophisticated irrigation system to water their crops. Estrella evidence example excavations exist extended face fact Figure figurines fire floor fragments Gila Butte given Gladwin hearth Hohokam human idea identified included indicated kind known late later length lines material means Mexico Mound nature needed . Although shell continued to be used for jewelry, only simple beads and whole shell pendants were created. Major changes in Hohokam culture resulted, including the construction of the mounds. Examples of Rincon Red-on-brown pottery (950-1150 CE) with designs common to the middle Santa Cruz River valley during the Sedentary Period. Clemensen, A., 1992 Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, Arizona: A Centennial History of the First Prehistoric Reserve. The term Hohokam is said to be Pima for those who have vanished. The culture is customarily divided into four developmental periods: Pioneer (200775 ce), Colonial (775975), Sedentary (9751150), and Classic (from approximately 1150 to sometime between 1350 and 1450). 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