Aaby P, Martins CL, Garly ML, et al. Originally written in 2000 by: A recent prospective cohort study, conducted in 2,774 Colombian children (ages, 5-12 years old) followed for a median 128 days, also reported an inverse relationship between plasma retinol concentrations and rates of diarrhea with vomiting and cough with fever, the latter being a strong predictor of influenza infection (flu) (45). Presently, there is little evidence that the requirement for vitamin A in older adults differs from that of younger adults. Bone. However, a retrospective analysis of US nationwide data from 6,210 preterm infants born between 2010 and 2012 found that a reduction in vitamin A prophylaxis from 27.2% to 2.1% during the same period had no significant impact on the incidence of BPD or death before hospital discharge (62). Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. (PubMed), 62. Micronutrients, also called vitamins and minerals, are key to helping fetuses, infants, and children grow and thrive. Also, approximately 190 million preschool-age children have low serum retinol concentrations (<0.70 mol/L), with 5.2 million suffering from night blindness. Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Vitamin A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women. 2nd edition ed: Thomson Reuters; 2008. Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children. Preformed vitamin A is rapidly absorbed and slowly cleared from the body. Christian P, West KP, Jr. Interactions between zinc and vitamin A: an update. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Preterm infants are born with inadequate body stores of vitamin A, placing them at risk of developing diseases of the eye and the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. 2014;105(3):182-188. (PubMed). 1928;2(3537):691-696. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. A recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating the preventive effect of vitamin A on childhood mortality indicated that vitamin A supplementation (200,000 IU every 4 or 6 months) reduced all-cause mortality by 25% (13 studies) and diarrhea-specific mortality by 30% (7 studies) in children aged 6 to 59 months. Neonatology. "Micronutrient" is a general term for vitamins and minerals. Caire-Juvera G, Ritenbaugh C, Wactawski-Wende J, Snetselaar LG, Chen Z. Vitamin A and retinol intakes and the risk of fractures among participants of the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. (PubMed), 86. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Both vitamin A excess and deficiency are known to cause birth defects. Vitamins and minerals are not produced in the body, with the exception of vitamin D. Instead they are consumed through food or supplements. 2004;96(23):1743-1750. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. In rod cells, 11-cis-retinal binds to a protein called opsin to form the visual pigment rhodopsin (also known as visual purple). CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Jang JT, Green JB, Beard JL, Green MH. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. However, the results of human studies examining the relationship between the consumption of preformed vitamin A and cancer do not currently suggest that consuming vitamin A at intakes greater than the RDA benefit in the prevention of cancer (2). Contrary to RAR wild-type receptor, PML/RAR appears to be insensitive to physiological concentrations of retinoic acid (RA) such that only treatments with high doses of all-trans-RA can restore normal differentiation and lead to significant improvements and complete remission in some APL patients (80). Increased morbidity and mortality due to a weakened immune system, Visual system disorders, including, xerophthalmia, irreversible blindness and night blindness. An uncommon cause of esophagitis. (PubMed), 6. Lancet. Such concentrations are associated Another meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found no evidence of a reduction in mortality risk during infancy when either breast-feeding mothers (7 studies) or infants aged less than six months (9 studies) were supplemented with vitamin A (68). Besides, the pooled analysis of four observational studies also indicated that a U-shaped relationship between circulating retinol and risk of hip fracture, suggesting that both elevated and reduced retinol concentrations in the blood were associated with an increased risk of hip fracture (99). N Engl J Med. Nallamshetty S, Le PT, Wang H, et al. 1994;343(8913):1593-1597. Russell RM. For information on this unit of measurement, see the section on RAE. There are 13 essential vitamins and 13 essential minerals, each of which has specific, sometimes overlapping functions. 2008;15(9):844-854. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;67(9):1423-1445. Effects of early inhaled nitric oxide therapy and vitamin A supplementation on the risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature newborns with respiratory failure. 2014;145(3):403-410. Rapid effects of retinoic acid on CREB and ERK phosphorylation in neuronal cells. In addition, the pooled analysis of three studies indicated a 67% reduction in the risk of pneumonia-led mortality (72). RAE ratios are shown in Table 1(56). When needed, retinyl esters are broken apart (hydrolyzed) and isomerized to form 11-cis-retinol, which can be oxidized to form 11-cis-retinal. Vitamin A (VitA) is a micronutrient that is crucial for maintaining vision, promoting growth and development, and protecting epithelium and mucus integrity in the body. 1998;68(2 Suppl):435S-441S. Although percutaneous absorption of topical tretinoin is minimal, its use during pregnancy is not recommended (92). Bello S, Meremikwu MM, Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI, Oduwole O. (PubMed), 63. Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants. The response to iodine prophylaxis in iodine-deficient populations appears to depend on various nutritional factors, including vitamin A status (49, 50). (PubMed), 58. *1 IU is equivalent to 0.3 microgram (g) of retinol, and 1 g of retinol is equivalent to 3.33 IU of retinol. Linus Pauling Institute Generally, signs of toxicity are associated with long-term consumption of vitamin A in excess of 10 times the RDA (8,000-10,000 g RAE/day or 25,000-33,000 IU/day). Kiefer FW, Orasanu G, Nallamshetty S, et al. This project will institutionalize and sustain the improvement in quality and availability of adequately fortified oil with vitamins A and D in Pakistan. 2004;15(11):872-880. However, their impact on a body's health are critical, and deficiency in any of them can cause severe and even life-threatening conditions. The activation of RAR by RA binding triggers the recruitment of transcriptional coregulators to target promoters, thereby inhibiting or allowing the transcription of genes (8). The University of Alabama, Last updated 2/25/21 Copyright 2000-2023 Linus Pauling Institute. Guideline - Neonatal vitamin A supplementation Geneva 2011. World Health Organization. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. Retinoids may be used at pharmacological doses to treat several conditions, including, acute promyelocytic leukemia, retinitis pigmentosa, and various skin diseases. Cortes-Jofre M, Rueda JR, Corsini-Munoz G, Fonseca-Cortes C, Caraballoso M, Bonfill Cosp X. World Health Organization. The anemia of vitamin A deficiency: epidemiology and pathogenesis. 2011;18(9):1405-1412. Proc Nutr Soc. JAMA. Retinol and retinyl esters are often referred to as preformed vitamin A. Retinol can be converted by the body to retinal, which can be in turn be oxidized to retinoic acid, the form of vitamin A known to regulate gene transcription. 2014;29(9):2032-2039. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2001:65-126. J Pediatr. Interaction between neonatal vitamin A supplementation and timing of measles vaccination: a retrospective analysis of three randomized trials from Guinea-Bissau. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. [1] [2] The following is a list of micronutrients. 45. Eur J Clin Nutr. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional. At present, it seems unlikely that increased intake of preformed vitamin A (e.g., retinol) could lower the risk of lung cancer. (PubMed), 21. In industrialized countries, pregnant or potentially pregnant women should monitor their intake of vitamin A from fortified food and food naturally high in preformed vitamin A (e.g., liver) and avoid taking daily multivitamin supplements that contain more than 1,500 g RAE (5,000 IU) of vitamin A. Visit the GAVA website for resources and tools for vitaminA stakeholders, Discover our Vitamin A projects around the world. Department of Human Nutrition Professor of Nutrition J Biol Chem. Although normal fetal development requires sufficient vitamin A intake, consumption of excess preformed vitamin A (such as retinol) during early pregnancy is known to cause birth defects. J Nutr. 2005;70:199-264. Field CJ, Johnson IR, Schley PD. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on infant and childhood mortality. It is most prevalent among children and women of childbearing age. J Pediatr. Ballew C, Galuska D, Gillespie C. High serum retinyl esters are not associated with reduced bone mineral density in the Third National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. 2012;424(3):421-426. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, State Indicator Report on Fruits and Vegetables, 2018, Using the New Fruit and Vegetable Module in BRFSS, Get the Facts: Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Consumption, Be Sugar Smart: Limiting Added Sugars Can Improve Health, Priority Strategy: Food Service and Nutrition Guidelines, Priority Nutrition Strategy: Fruit and Vegetable Voucher Incentives and Produce Prescriptions, Travel Recommendations for Nursing Families, Breastfeeding and Returning to Your Workplace, How Much and How Often to Feed Infant Formula, When, What, and How to Introduce Solid Foods, Fortified Cow's Milk and Milk Alternatives, Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies (IYCF-E) Toolkit, Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery, Facts About Infant Feeding During Emergencies, Supporting Optimal Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergency Shelter Settings, Creating Safe Family-Friendly Spaces in Emergency Shelters, Rapid Needs Assessment Intake for Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies, Concerns Regarding Donations of Infant Formula and Infant Feeding Items During an Emergency, Feeding Solid Foods During a Natural Disaster or Emergency, Breastfeeding During a Disaster and Other Emergencies, How to Prepare and Store Powdered Infant Formula During an Emergency, How to Clean Infant Feeding Items During Emergencies, Be Prepared: Emergency Preparation Checklist for Families with Infants and Young Children, Common Questions about Infant Feeding During Emergencies, Healthy Hospital Practice to Practice Series (P2P), Food Service Guidelines for Federal Facilities, Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity, Healthy Schools Promoting Healthy Behaviors, BAM! 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