what race has the highest bone density

In the third phase, variables that still had a statistically significant relation (P < .05) with bone density were used in a final regression model that included race as a covariate. Furthermore, more participants reported high levels of PA than moderate levels, which may have resulted from self-report bias or misclassification. A second 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire was administered approximately 10 days later. Most reports suggest that BMD is highest in African-Americans, lowest in Asians, and intermediate in Caucasians, yet Asians have lower fracture rates than Caucasians. Startlingly, black women have rates of bone disease Asian persons tend to have bone density that is as low or even lower than Caucasians. Osteoporosis. Both black men and black women had lower 25D as well as higher 1,25D levels and markedly lower urinary calcium excretion. These findings are consistent with data showing that in a sample of adults aged 60 years or older, participants from minority groups reported lower levels of PA (21). Hispanic people have bone density that is about the same or a little bit higher than Caucasians. Barrett-Connor E, Siris ES, Wehren LE, Miller PD, Abbott TA, Berger ML, et al. However, additional research on the specific risk factors for osteoporosis among racial/ethnic minority populations continues to be limited, with lifestyle factors such as PA inconsistently reported to prevent bone loss and osteoporosis among minority populations (13,22). The average daily intake of calcium and vitamin D from dietary supplements was calculated for participants according to the reported number of days supplements were used, the reported amount taken per day, and the serving size units recorded from the product. What race has the strongest bones? We used linear regression analysis when appropriate to assess the potential effect of PA on bone mineral density, after adjusting for age, family povertyincome ratio, education, BMI, calcium and vitamin D intake, tobacco use, and use of osteoporosis medications. Note: Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser. The variables known to affect bone density included in the analysis were race/ethnicity, age, family povertyincome ratio, education level, BMI index, calcium and vitamin D intake, tobacco use, and use of osteoporosis medications. How do you let go of someone who doesnt want you. Self-reported education was categorized as less than high school education, high school diploma or general educational development, and more than high school. Facial bones in black adults maintain higher mineral density as they age than other races, resulting in fewer changes to their facial structure, a Rutgers . If you press down gently, youll feel your cheekbone! We found that participation in both high and moderate levels of PA was more prevalent among non-Hispanic whites than among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics. It is also higher in men than in women. This study tested whether racial differences in bone density can be explained by differences in bone metabolism and lifestyle. Physicians have long known conditions associated with unusually dense bones. The racial differences we observed in BMD do not appear to be artifacts of the DXA method. Rosenthal DI, Mayo-Smith W, Hayes CW, et al. With this increase, we need to gain a better understanding of the plausible explanations for the discrepancies in self-reported levels of PA among older adults and their effect on bone health data. yes. Jergas M, Breitenseher M, Gluer C-C, Yu W, Genant HK. What has been found is the blacks have the highest bone density (even with lower rates of osteopetrosis) and whites are close but their osteoporosis (fracture) levels are a lot higher than blacks which makes black have the strongest bones. The greatest racial differences were noted in Wards triangle. Thus, the appearance of such a large racial difference in young adults cannot be attributed to persistent differences in metabolic or lifestyle factors and supports the view that bone density differences result from influences operating during childhood and adolescence. Osteoporosis weakens bones to the point that they can break easily. The purpose of these analyses was to determine how much racial differences in bone density would remain after adjustment for covariates. It turns out that this quest is not quite so fanciful as it might first seem. Medical history, physical activity, and lifestyle were assessed. Abstract This study tested whether racial differences in bone density can be explained by differences in bone metabolism and lifestyle. Kelly PJ, Twomey L, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA. Difference in various BMD measurements between black and white subjects, adjusted (and unadjusted). Eating disorders. One strength was the use of a large community-dwelling sample representative of the US adult population. In osteopetrosis, though, despite being dense, the bones are also unusually brittle. However, most American adults (54.6%) do not engage in the recommended minimum levels of PA (7), and there are racial/ethnic differences in PA participation (7,8). Similarly, the prevalence of low levels of PA was higher among non-Hispanic black women (68.3%) than among Hispanic women (65.7%) and non-Hispanic white women (50.9%). Bones in Different Races This graph shows the average bone density for African American (Black) men and women and for Caucasian (White) men and women. [A This study adds to the literature on the effect of PA in a racial/ethnically diverse sample of older adults, but longitudinal studies with larger numbers of racial/ethnic minorities are still needed to improve our understanding of these differences and to assess potential causes. Approximately 3% of the total sample had bone mineral density values within the osteoporosis range (SD, 2.5 or lower). This finding is important because PA declines with age while functional limitations, which impair the ability to participate in regular activity such as walking and climbing a flight of stairs, are also often reported to increase with advanced age. 43 likes, 6 comments - Jennifer Beamer (@empowerpilatesmalibu) on Instagram: "Elevate in 2023! Black men and women tended to have higher mean total, free, and bioavailable testosterone levels but lower dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels than their white counterparts. Bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture rates vary among women of differing ethnicities. Dead bones are dry and brittle, but living bones feel wet and a little soft. The effects of progressive resistance training on bone density: a review. Two studies examined the racial differences in bone mineral density in a diverse sample and similarly categorized participants as Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic black (23,24). Non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics are more likely to report functional limitations and disability than non-Hispanic whites, which may explain the lower levels of PA among these 2 groups (30). Prevalence and trends in low femur bone density among older US adults: NHANES 20052006 compared with NHANES III. This association remained ( = 0.027, P < .001) after adjusting for race/ethnicity, sex, body mass index, povertyincome ratio, tobacco use, and use of osteoporosis medications. This means that blacks hold a 1.5 percent speed advantage in running, and whites hold a 1.5 percent speed advantage in swimming. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20(2):18594. Puntila E, Kroger H, Lakka T, Honkanen R, Tuppurainen M. Physical activity in adolescence and bone density in peri- and postmenopausal women: a population-based study. Puntila E, Kroger H, Lakka T, Tuppurainen M, Jurvelin J, Honkanen R. Leisure-time physical activity and rate of bone loss among peri- and postmenopausal women: a longitudinal study. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56(46):120912. We calculated descriptive statistics as weighted means and percentages to describe the demographic characteristics of the sample and used bivariate analysis to evaluate the relationship between categorical PA and bone density differences, tested using 2 tests for proportions as appropriate. A break can happen at any spot on your skeleton, but fractures of the wrist, hip and spine are among the most common. Osteoporosis care at risk in the United States. One, referred to as osteopetrosis (literally, "rock bones"), is typically diagnosed in infants and small children . Urine (collected during 24 h) was obtained for calcium, creatinine, and free total pyridinoline measurement. Portable testing may use the radius (1 of the 2 bones of the lower arm), wrist, fingers, or heel for testing . Body composition variables for the core group by gender and race. Diminished rates of bone formation in normal black adults. Bone density measurement is used in clinical medicine as an indirect indicator of . As more individuals with the new trait have been studied, though, it has become apparent that the condition can have adverse effects for some patients. Results. According to the WHO criteria, osteoporosis is defined as a BMD that lies 2.5 standard deviations or more below the average value for young, healthy women (a T-score of < 2.5 SD) (1, 6). Conclusion: Our results indicated that bone mineral density was closely associated with the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in elderly people over 60 years old, especially the femur bone mineral density was negatively non-linear associated with cardiovascular disease risk, with an inflection . Because of their larger appendicular bone area, black men had 3% greater total skeletal area than their white counterparts; similar trends were observed between women subjects (Table 3). A high bone mineral density is one where the bone mineral density (BMD) is usually greater than two standard deviations above what is expected for age. Differences were noted in a number of these variables; statistically significant racial differences in the full cohort for clinical and laboratory variables are summarized in Table 2. Without lubrication, the fibers can become dry. All later analytic phases were completed for subjects in the core cohort (n = 402) who had data on both clinical and biochemical variables. Hughes JP, McDowell MA, Brody DJ. Dietary calcium, sex hormones, and bone mineral density in men. Changes in femur neck bone density in US adults between 19881994 and 20052008: demographic patterns and possible determinants. Our findings also suggest that PA is not associated with bone mineral density as strongly among non-Hispanic blacks; other possible explanations for this association should be explored in future studies. The lack of consistency in bone density differences suggests that the cause of the differences maybe multifactorial. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. This graph shows the average bone density for African American (Black) men and women and for Caucasian (White) men and women. Next, forward, stepwise regression models were used to identify predictor variables which showed a relation (P< .1) with bone density, when considered simultaneously. This work was supported by the SUNY-Albany University Junior Researcher Awards 2012 (P.I. This process, known as bone remodeling, is crucial in making bones strong. Osteoporosis is a chronic condition that is a major public health problem in the United States and around the world primarily because of the increased morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporotic fractures (1,2). These studies suggest that men, women, and racial/ethnic minorities differ in terms of risk factors for osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures (1,5). 3 diagnoses of osteoporosis. Our large, population-based study had sufficient power to detect racial differences in clinical and biochemical variables on the order of 0.5 standard deviations. The radiologist also noticed that the patients bones were unusually dense as it turned out, eight times normal density. At the highest level of sports, trans women have an unfair advantage. This piece was co-authored by Christopher Newman, Ph.D. Christopher is a medical student at the Indiana University School of Medicine. Physical inactivity and poor nutrition are behavioral factors that increase BMI and perhaps adversely affect bone mineral density. Burke GL, Jacobs DR Jr, Sprafka JM, Savage PJ, Sidney S, Wagenknecht LE. One of the affected individuals, a physician, had undergone multiple attempted hip replacement surgeries, each of which failed because the mans bones were so dense that they could not screw the artificial joint into the adjacent bone. But are high cheekbones rare outside of the modeling industry? 1 Individuals of African descent have higher bone density and fewer fractures than Caucasians, whereas Asians have lower fracture rates despite lower bone density. osteoporosis. Corresponding Author: Elizabeth Vsquez, DrPH, University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY), School of Public Health, One University Place, GEC 125 Rensselaer, NY 12144. 95% confidence intervals of BMD differences appear in parentheses. It appears that manipulating this genetic pathway can prevent fractures in patients with osteoporosis, a finding recently described in older adults. J Am Diet Assoc 2004;104(6):9803. Moreover, the results from model 1 and 2 show that non-Hispanic blacks had a higher bone mineral density than non-Hispanic whites ( = 0.070 for model 1 and 0.067 for model 2 and a P < .001 for both models), and both overweight and obesity were associated with bone mineral density ( = 0.068 and = 0.134 respectively; P < .001) with normal bone mineral density as the reference group. How do I view different file formats (PDF, DOC, PPT, MPEG) on this site? Sex and adrenal hormone immunoassays were done at Endocrine Sciences Laboratory, Calabasas Hills, California; these included assays for testosterone (total, free, and bioavailable), sex-hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Most participants did not meet the dietary recommendations for calcium and vitamin D intake (62.1% and 88.5%, respectively). We tested differences by race/ethnicity and sex in the association between PA and bone mineral density for significance by including first-order interaction terms (eg, physical activity race/ethnicity and physical activity sex) in linear regression models. Eumelanin and neuromelanin give a black color to the pigment epithelium of the retina (Figure 5, F), the substantia nigra (black substance) in the midbrain (Figure 5, G), and the loci coerulea (blue spots) in the pons. The following markers of bone and mineral metabolism were obtained from blood drawn when the subject was fasting: creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, intact parathyroid hormone, 25D, 1,25D, and osteocalcin (Bikle D.D., unpublished material). The sample (n = 2,819) was restricted to men and women aged 40 to 80 years who participated in the mobile examination component and who completed the bone mineral density analysis by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan in NHANES 20072008, the most recent administration for which data are available. Osteoporosis affects men and women of all races. Gremeaux V, Gayda M, Lepers R, Sosner P, Juneau M, Nigam A. Adjusted bone density at various skeletal sites was 4.516.1% higher for black than for white men and was 1.27.3% higher for black than for white women. Despite lower levels of activity, blacks and Hispanics were not more likely to have osteoporosis, and high levels of activity were significantly associated with higher bone density even when controlling for race/ethnicity and confounders. Dhuper S, Warren MP, Brooks-Gunn J, Fox R. Buchanan JR, Myers C, Lloyd T, Leuenberger P, Demers LM. Positive associations between bone density and serum estrogen (19) and androgen (20) level have been reported in young women. Introduction Participation in regular physical activity (PA) may help maintain bone health as people age. 5 Who are the Leongs in the book Bone? First, a cross-sectional measurement of PA does not identify an individuals true average activity over a given interval. Whatever the downside, the discovery of the new trait is a beautiful example of a phenomenon described by Louis Pasteur over a century ago namely, that in the fields of observation, fortune favors only the prepared mind. Men have stronger bone density. What race is at highest risk for osteoporosis? Prevalence estimates of normal bone density, osteopenia, and osteoporosis, derived on the basis of bone mineral density, were calculated by using World Health Organization diagnostic criteria (16). We obtained data on femoral bone mineral density for 2,819 adults aged 40 to 80 years who self-reported their race/ethnicity on the 20072008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. However, most American adults do not engage in the recommended minimum levels of PA, and there are racial/ethnic differences in PA participation. Measures of fat distribution showed higher ratio of abdominal to lower extremity fat in men compared with women; however, white men showed greater abdominal fat than black men, whereas black women showed greater abdominal fat than white women. We conducted this cross-sectional study using data from the 20072008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (14). It is also higher in men than in women. For this analysis, calcium was standardized to the elemental form in milligrams, and vitamin D was standardized to the microgram metric for comparison to the Dietary Reference Intake recommendations. Hispanic people have bone density that is about the same or a little bit higher than Caucasians. The differences in bone density are seen even in kids. Methods Abbreviation: NA, not applicable; GED, general educational development. At least one lifestyle variable appeared in most of the final models, with caloric intake most consistent. Abstract. Osteoporos Int 2009;20(7):11419. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics; 2011 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm. Friedman GD, Cutter GR, Donahue RP, et al. The radiologist referred the case to bone specialists at Yale, who performed additional tests on both the patient and some of his family members They quickly discovered that this high bone mass trait could be passed down from parent to offspring. Physical activity was assessed by self-report. Bone density, or bone mineral density, is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue.The concept is of mass of mineral per volume of bone (relating to density in the physics sense), although clinically it is measured by proxy according to optical density per square centimetre of bone surface upon imaging. What do you call a person who talks about everyone? Osteoporosis: an evidence-based guide to prevention and management. bone mineral density, laboratory biochemical markers, bone biopsy. Comparison of two methods of assessing physical activity in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Elizabeth Grubert). Keywords bone density, gender, race, social production, systems theory The Bare Bones of Race Anne Fausto-Sterling . Medical histories and histories of tobacco use and alcohol use were obtained by a self-administered and interview-administered questionnaire. A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of osteoporosis. Asian persons tend to have bone density that is as low or even lower than Caucasians. Low bone mineral density (BMD), one of the major risk factors associated with osteoporosis, has been characterized extensively among Caucasians of northern European ancestry, and risk factors for low bone density have been described in many epidemiological studies. Gass M, Dawson-Hughes B. Adjusted bone density at various skeletal sites was 4.5-16.1% higher for black than for white men and was 1.2-7.3% higher for black than for white women. Studies of adolescents might find differences in metabolic or lifestyle factors that account for a larger share of the racial differences in bone mass than those that we observed. Most reports suggest that BMD is highest in African-Americans, lowest in Asians, and intermediate in Caucasians, yet Asians have lower fracture rates than Caucasians. For this reason, some items on this page will be unavailable. After multiple adjustments for these variables, about half the racial differences in BMD still remained. It is called a "silent disease" because people who develop it may not notice any changes until a bone breaks usually a bone in the hip, spine, or wrist. To the extent that the associations studied here may change over time, these analysis should be replicated as more recent data becomes available. Demonstration that bone mass is greater in black than in white children. Maturitas 2005;52(3-4):35663. Who has the highest bone density? Race. Data on PA levels were obtained by self-report. Daily nutrient intake, including intake of calcium and vitamin D, was estimated by translating the precoded CARDIA diet history from the database. Osteoporos Int 2012;23(2):77180. Peak bone mass is reached between ages 18 and 25, and is mostly determined by genetic factors. Calcium and vitamin D intake were higher in white women than in black women, but no statistically significant differences were seen among men. Although the prevalence of low levels of PA was lowest among non-Hispanic whites (45.3%), the prevalence of osteoporosis was highest in this group (35%), followed by Hispanics (28.7%) and non-Hispanic blacks (22.5%). Bull FC, Maslin TS, Armstrong T. Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study. The public health impact of inadequate levels of PA among older adults is significant, given the substantial increase in the percentage of racial/ethnic minority older adults expected in the next 40 years (23). The identification of this pathway has spawned intense scientific investigation. Most reports suggest that BMD is highest in African-Americans, lowest in Asians, and intermediate in Caucasians, yet Asians have lower fracture rates than Caucasians. However, most of the difference would be expected to remain evident 1020 yr later. The USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method accurately estimates group total energy and nutrient intake. This association was attenuated in the final model ( = 0.027, P < .001) after adjusting for race/ethnicity, sex, BMI, povertyincome ratio, tobacco use, and use of osteoporosis medications (Table 3). Among women, no statistically significant racial differences were found in mean estradiol or estradiol index (Table 4). A specific radioimmunoassay for the growth hormone (GH)-dependent somatomedin-binding protein: its use for diagnosis of GH deficiency. Generally, muscle mass is highest in African Americans, followed by Caucasians, Hispanics, and Asians, while percent body fat is highest among Asian subjects (Wang et al., 1994; Silva et al., 2010) . Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in blacks. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Bone mineral density is higher in African Americans; however, these women are more likely to die after hip fracture, have longer hospital stays, and are less likely to be ambulatory at discharge. Layne JE, Nelson ME. An increase . Eight hundred fifty volunteer subjects took part in this study, all age 2536 yr and all simultaneously participants in the Cardiovascular Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a study initiated by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in 1983 to determine risk factors for coronary heart disease among black and white men and women and to identify lifestyle characteristics associated with these risk factors (25). A positive association between androgen level and bone density exists in young men also (21). We sought to determine whether current PA is related to bone mineral density in a racial/ethnically diverse sample of adults aged 40 to 80 after controlling for age, sex, BMI, povertyincome ratio, tobacco use, vitamin D and calcium intake, and use of osteoporosis medications. Philadelphia (PA): American College of Physicians; 2002. The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. It is also higher in men than in women. The order of the species from lowest to highest proportion of high density bone particles was as follows: human, dog, pig, chicken, cow, sheep, and rat. The Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program (KPMCP), a prepaid health plan that serves about one quarter of the local population in Oakland, California, was one of four sites selected for recruitment of participants in the CARDIA study. Mean hip and spine size, determined by DXA, was smaller in black than in white women; among men, there were no statistically significant racial differences in these sites. In vivo precision for fat mass based on repeated scans in 18 volunteers was 5.9%. Bone density at all skeletal sites was statistically significantly greater in black than in white subjects; on average, adjustment for covariates reduced the percentage density differences by 42% for men and 34% for women. Schoenborn CA, Adams PF, Barnes PM, Vickerie JL, Schiller JS. Alternatives Federal Credit Union. Information on use of osteoporosis medications (yes or no) was also collected by self-report. Because of the low proportion of participants who had osteoporosis, we assessed the association between PA and bone mineral density in this sample using linear regression models. Ethnicity and race, like sex, influence the epidemiology of fractures, with highest fracture rates in white women. Indiana University provides funding as a member of The Conversation US. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What color are bones naturally? They focused their attention on chromosome 11, site of a known mutation that can cause low bone density. Genetic predisposition to low bone density. Recovery times can be faster. Elevation in black BMD over white BMD, divided by white BMD. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) is highest among black women and it is estimated that about one-third of the lower fracture rates in black women may be accounted for by their higher bone mineral density (BMD). Statistically significant racial differences within same gender P < 0.05. Copyright 20102023, The Conversation US, Inc. Yet the radiologist who interpreted his X-ray studies could not find a single fracture. Participation in regular physical activity (PA) may help maintain bone health as people age. egrubert@albany.edu. Siris ES, Brenneman SK, Barrett-Connor E, Miller PD, Sajjan S, Berger ML, et al. For adults ages 19 to 50 and men ages 51 to 70, the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 1,000 milligrams (mg) of calcium a day. The bone density is quite a bit higher in the African Americans. Can you use Dawn dish soap in pressure washer? Am J Med 2006;119(4, Suppl 1):S311. Bell NH, Greene A, Epstein S, Oexmann MJ, Shaw S, Shary J. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris S, Kramich C, Dallal G, Rasmussen HM. First, by using subjects from the entire cohort (n = 799), variables that showed possible racial differences (P < .1) using t- and chi-square tests were identified as possible predictor variables. Although the greater area bone density observed after measurement with DXA could be caused by larger bone size and therefore may not represent a true increase in volumetric density, our measurement of area and volume of both spine and hip show that black persons do not have larger vertebrae or upper femurs than white persons. Interaction of calcium nutrition and physical activity on bone mass in young women. Variables that were significant within a category were then tested simultaneously in a regression model that included variables from all categories. J Nutr 2006;136(10):25949. http://www.alternatives.org/2011livingwagepressrelease.html. Severely restricting food intake and being underweight weakens bone in both men and women. Further, the magnitude of the BMD differences in spinal volumetric density are similar to those for spinal area density. The effects of race and body habitus on bone mineral density of the radius, hip, and spine in premenopausal women. Lean body mass, fat mass, and ratio of trunk to leg fat were also measured using DXA in the enhanced total body array scanning mode. The metabolic equivalent, a ratio of a persons working metabolic rate relative to the resting metabolic rate, was used for the calculation of a categorical indicator: total time spent in PA during a typical week. Was supported by the SUNY-Albany University Junior Researcher Awards 2012 ( P.I be explained differences! Osteoporosis weakens bones to the extent that the patients bones were unusually dense bones a person who talks about?! A regression model that included variables from all categories and validity study how you., respectively ) or even lower than Caucasians identify an individuals true average activity a. Which may have resulted from self-report bias or misclassification and a little higher. High levels of PA, and is mostly determined by genetic factors black adults pyridinoline measurement mineral density ( ). 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Patterns and possible determinants intervals of BMD differences in bone metabolism and lifestyle cross-sectional measurement of PA was more among! Pa than moderate levels, which may have resulted from self-report bias or misclassification gender,,! And fracture rates in white women density among older US adults between 19881994 and:... Lifelong lack of calcium nutrition and physical activity ( PA ) may help maintain Health!

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