By the late 1960s, many American Indians had grown weary of the governments lack of response to their petitions, lobbying, lawsuits, and other attempts to work within the system. On March 8, 1970, around 100 Native activists and their supporters scaled the fences and bluffs surrounding Fort Lawton a waterfront Army base, most of which is now Discovery Park. 23 First and Last Americans, The Times (London), March 11, 1970. In 1958, seven women including Pearl Warren (Makah), Ella Aquino (Lummi) and Adeline Garcia (Haida) formed the Service League to help. With the rise of American Indian activism, many new American Indian publications sprung up in the 1960s and 1970s, providing a platform for American Indian journalists to start their careers and report the news from an Indian point of view. Lawton Indians Capture Summit, which outlined the key points a group of American Indian guest speakers presented to college students on behalf of the UIAT.14 This article was followed by an editorial that encouraged Seattle Community College to step forward and meet with the United Indians of All Tribes to smoke a peace pipe, and agree to meet with all others to facilitate and aid the Indians in finding and establishing an Indian University and Cultural Center.15, The Fort Lawton occupation became a national sensation, bringing awareness of American Indian issues to readers across the country. This was not out of character in those days for The Times, which had covered some of the fishing-rights struggles in South Puget Sound, but was largely disconnected from Native American issues particularly the growing Urban Indian population. In December 1970, Seattle Times columnist Herb Robinson described the Indian occupation of the fort as only the latest in a lengthy series of distractions which have threatened to obstruct acquisition of the surplus acreage, and as the most difficult hurdle to park proponents success. This explosion of media coverage of American Indians was part of a change of journalistic style and treatment of American Indians of the press. It was treated as a joke: Oh, those crazy Indians are at it again! Bennett said. In July 1970, the New York Times described a pledge by President Nixon promising federal help for American Indians social service programs and Indian centers, as well as land rights.20 While this pledge was mostly symbolic and had little funding to back it up, it was considered a step in the right direction by a number of American Indian leaders. A lot of families were just abandoned by the government once they brought them into the city, said Ramona Bennett, who joined the American Indian Womens Service League in 1966. United Indians of All Tribes Meets the Press: News Coverage of the 1970 Occupation of Fort Lawton by Karen Smith. Fonda made the news in the Seattle Times and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer again on March 16 and March 17, respectively, after she rallied with a group of 100 American Indians outside the United States Courthouse before the arraignment of 10 Fort Lawton demonstrators charged with trespassing.57, A writer for the Helix credited as Roger gave his opinion on the matter: she attracted a lot of attention to herself and blurred the issue.58 According to Roger, the dominating story on local television was Jane Fonda Ejected from Fort Lawton with the Indians forming a picturesque background. She was asked by the local media whether she was there in order to gain publicity for herself, rather than the Indian movement. 16 Indians Seized an Attempt to Take Over Coast Fort, New York Times, March 9, 1970. According to the March 20 article Geronimos Revenge, American Indians were chased down by military police with nightsticks, resulting in ten men being badly beaten.53 The _Helix_also reported that the demonstrators were treated with unnecessary roughness during the March 15 occupation. Reach him at bkiley@seattletimes.com or 206-464-2507. With the A1 Revisited project, The Seattle Times directly addresses the harm some of our past coverage has caused. Reporter Barb Clements wrote, Indian students said they not only would support reoccupation forces at Fort Lawton, but would also volunteer their services for the cultural and educational activities planned on the property.69 Clements article included part of the UIAT proclamation, as well as a statement issued by the Indian Student Association urging the public to actively support American Indians in their struggle to preserve their culture and to control their own destiny within the structures of American society. We dont have a chance in hell of getting it, Whitebear told the Times. The American Indians alleged on many occasions that demonstrators were beaten, injured, and poorly treated by the military police guards at Fort Lawton. Seattle Park Board member Donald Voorhees told the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, I am afraid that the ultimate result of the Indians activities may be to torpedo the [Senate] bill for releasing the lands and then no one will he be able to use it.67 Voorhees said that the city only would have only 409 acres on which to build a park, when the Indians, such as the Yakima Tribes, have millions of acres of reservation land on which they could build their cultural facilities. This portrayal of the United Indians of All Tribes as noble Indian warriors misrepresented them as a group of uncivilized people attacking the fort. The language of attack and invasion peppers the coverage, but activists say those terms didnt originate with them. In the months and years afterward during further fishing-rights struggles and the successful armed takeover of a juvenile-detention facility on Puyallup land journalists seemed to have a slightly stronger handle on what they were reporting. Kent Blansett On Sunday at 3 a.m. Richard Oakes and ninety other members of UIAT [United Indians of All Tribes] assembled at a rendezvous point in downtown Seattle. Though none of these charges could be confirmed (for instance, the two MPs were injured in a car accident, not by Indians), Palos remarked that the fire incident will hurt the public image of the Indians., A Seattle alternative paper, the Helix, on the other hand, vividly described violence at the March 8, 1970 demonstration at Fort Lawton. A Small Post The Fort Lawton riot refers to a series of events in August 1944 starting with a violent conflict between U.S. soldiers and Italian prisoners of war at Fort Lawton in Seattle, Washington during World War II. Is it true you have 12,000 Indians living in your city? A reporter from the London Daily Express wanted to know if Jane Fonda had been handled roughly, instructing the _Seattle Times_reporter to call him if she said anything new. In her book, Native Americans in the News: Images of Indians in the Twentieth Century Press, Mary Ann Weston describes an overall change in journalistic style, as well as changes in the coverage of American Indians from the 1950s to the 1970s.24 The 1950s was the era of termination, the US government policy to end its relationship with and recognition of tribal governments, and assimilate American Indians into white society. The mainstream Seattle press was wary of reports of accusations of military police brutality towards the demonstrators. I guess we shouldve been intimidated, but apparently we didnt have a brain among us! Bennett joked. On Twitter @brendankiley. What's next for Seattle's historically contested Discovery Park? We were essentially saying: You want another park, huh? Lewis recalled. The news from Fort Lawton contends with other important reporting that day, but a story about Jane Fonda's protest and a humorous piece about international media reaction are given outsized importance with their placement on A1. That occupation lasted several weeks, attracting support (Bennett recalls restaurateur Ivar Haglund sending trays of food) and attacks (Lewis remembers people driving by, hurling bottles and rocks). Not everybody loved the arrangement. Memoirs of a savvy Asian American Activist, Filipino-American activist Bob Santos also remembers how Jane Fondas celebrity attracted attention to his friend Bernie Whitebears cause.61 The Times of London also attributed the publicity of the incident to Jane Fondas presence at Fort Lawton in the March 11, 1970 article, First and Last Americans.62. 30 Bryant, On the Outside Looking Hopeful.. For the second installment of The Seattle Times series, we examined our coverage of Native American protests at Fort Lawton and found a profound disconnect with the community. OceanGate office in Everett closed indefinitely following CEO death, Stockton Rush, CEO of WA-based OceanGate, among 5 dead near Titanic shipwreck, Sea-Tac Airport says Friday was expected to be its busiest day ever, Sound Transit charts its long light-rail journey to Everett, Meet the dearest new tiny creature at the Woodland Park Zoo. The April 1970 issue briefly covered the events of the three-week demonstration, reported the names of the activists involved, and reprinted the entire text of a UIAT proclamation reclaiming the land for the American Indians.10 The Service League was not a militant organization, and most of its members chose to support the occupation from behind the scenes, rather than on the front lines. It was not reported whether any charges were filed, or what the results an internal the investigation by the military police may or may not have turned up. For A1 Revisited, we collaborated with @UIATF to take a step back in time and revisit the story we. The Seattle Times reported that Senator Henry Scoop Jackson, chairman of the Senate Interior Committee, said, I strongly believe that this particular urban site would be better suited for a city park.64 Louis R. Bruce, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, said that while the BIA was not necessarily opposed to the occupations springing up around the country, the Bureau could not assume responsibility for Indians living outside their reservations.65 Bernie Whitebear told the Seattle Times this lack of BIA intervention was a result of an unethical, political power play, by Senator Jackson, and alleged that Jackson had pressured Bruce to stay out of the fight between Seattle and the Indians. Above all, they were committing cultural acts in which they sought social and political power through a complicated play of white guilt, nostalgia, and the deeply rooted desire to be Indian46, Sentimental, sympathetic feelings towards American Indians based on stereotypes are apparent in some of the letters written by concerned citizens to local and state officials. 51 Army Disrupts Indian Claim on Fort Lawton, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 9, 1970. However, each newspaper had a different take on the series of events. Each month, the Mohawk paper Akwesasne Notes reprinted an extensive collection of American Indian-related news clippings from mainstream, underground, and American Indian papers throughout the country. We would identify who used this word and explain if it is an accurate characterization of the demonstration. (AIM). The Bureau of Indian Affairs had pledged help with jobs and housing but often gave just token assistance, leaving people stranded and struggling. A Journey to Freedom: Richard Oakes, Alcatraz, and the Red Power Movement: Scholar Kent Blansett (Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Shawnee and Potawatomi) traces the short and dramatic life of activist Richard Oakes (Akwesasne Mohawk) and how it intersected with the Red Power movement, including the occupations at Alcatraz and Fort Lawton. what difference would that be from control over us by the Bureau of Indian affairs? Bernie Whitebear asked while speaking with the _Seattle Post-Intelligencer.68_. 66 Jackson Checks Lawton Scene, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 1, 1970. Around 6:30 a.m., the Indians quickly moved onto the Fort grounds, and built a small teepee and a fire to warm them. But if youre cold and hungry in the city, youre just cold and hungry.. In this edition of the A1 Revisited project, weve taken a hard look at how The Seattle Times covered Native protests at the Fort Lawton Army base in 1970 and discovered a profound disconnect between the newspaper and the community it was trying to cover. Despite the controversy with public officials and stereotypical language, the media coverage played right into the growing public sympathy for American Indians. The struggle for Fort Lawton is detailed in two essays that are part of this project: By Right of Discovery: United Indians of All Tribes Retakes Fort Lawton, 1970 by Lossom Allen; United Indians of All Tribes Meets the Press: News Coverage of the 1970 Occupation of Fort Lawton by Karen Smith. Bernie Whitebear and the UIAT firmly stood their ground on the idea that the land should be returned to the Indians. **HSTAA 498 Autumn 2005. The magazine reprinted this article from the L.A. Weekly. Public sentiment was on the side of the American Indians as well. 72 Weston, Native Americans in the News, 129. The newsroom hadnt strongly engaged with Native communities and concerns so couldnt begin to make sense of an event like Fort Lawton. Throughout March 1970, Native activists staged a series of dramatic protests at Fort Lawton, a nearly 1,000-acre military installation in Seattle's Magnolia neighborhood climbing over its. The use of the word "influx" is demeaning and dismissive. 14 Ft. Senator Henry Jackson praised Bernie Whitebear for bringing the dispute to the bargaining table, and said he would support the groups applications for federal grants to help find their new social service and cultural center, now known as Daybreak Star.73 Deputy Mayor John Chambers told the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, [Bernie Whitebear] represented something real, not something that was going to fade away. 29 Shelby Scates, Whitebear Leads Indians to Victory in Ft. Lawton, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 5, 1971. In 1994, Bernie Whitebear wrote, the support and presence of Jane Fonda gave the invasion and occupation worldwide attention, and captured the imagination of the world pressWithout really appreciating it at the time, the Indian movement has achieved through Jane Fondas presence, a long-sought credibility that would have not been possible otherwise.60In his autobiographical book, Humbows, Not Hotdogs! Fonda told reporters, This kind of publicity is doing me nothing but harm I could very well lose the Oscar because of this.59, Fonda was later credited by many for initially helping to bring such widespread media attention to the American Indian demonstration at Fort Lawton. Our coverage of 1970 protest showed neglect of vital Native issues, Native occupation of Fort Lawton: Words we used then and now, For decades, this paper failed to take Native American issues seriously, Video: How land design is answering the cultural needs of Native Americans in Seattle. See the breakdown here. In this December 13, 1971 editorial, the Seattle PI praises the restraint of the Indian activists after their initial militancy and sees the settlement as a victory for all. 7 Jerry Bergsman and Paul Henderson, Indians Invade Army Posts, Seattle Times, March 9, 1970. Youve got plenty of goddamned parks! In addition to the mainstream Seattle press, the Fort Lawton demonstrations naturally attracted the attention of the rapidly growing American Indian press. This lineage notably includes the global justice movement, which reached its peak in Seattle at the 1999 WTO protests. Maribeth Morris of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer wrote, An attack force of nearly a 100 Indians stormed Fort Lawton yesterday in the two-pronged offensive that landed most of the invaders in the post stockade.36 Seattle Post-Intelligencer reporter Richard Simmons wrote, About 100 Indians, many wearing headbands and beads, attacked the fort from all sidesThe Indians were armed with sandwiches, potato chips, sleeping bags, and cooking utensils.37 Use of words such as invasion also plants the idea that these activists were warriors on the attack into the imaginations of readers. It has no byline or source names, raising questions of credibility. However, around 7:15 a.m., they were discovered by a patrol and soon, 50 military police arrived and demanded their surrender. Our History is the Future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance: A history of resistance, setting Fort Lawton in a longer arc of activism, by historian Nick Estes (Kul Wicasa, Lower Brule Sioux). All of our little dreamshe made them reality and he administered them very responsibly.77, C**opyright Karen Smith 2006 A1 Revisited is an opportunity to interrogate our past coverage, noting where we went wrong, considering how we would cover these events differently today, and collaborating with community members and organizations, and asking critical questions. In a letter to Governor Daniel Evans, John LaMonier of Loon Lake, Washington, implored the governor to help this great and courageous Chief Bernie Whitebear regain the Fort Lawton lands.47 Surely you can see after watching the many movies showing the Cowboys and Indians, where the Cowboys had guns and bullets, whereas the poor Indians only had bows and arrows to try to protect the land they loved LaMonier wrote. The phone suddenly rang in the middle of the night at the home of a reporter for the Helix, a Seattle alternative newspaper, on March 15, 1970. The city wanted the leftover land for a park; the wheels started turning. Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto: A 1969 collection of wry and fierce essays by Vine Deloria (Standing Rock Sioux) that help bring Native history, culture and campaigns for self-determination to national attention. In 1969, American Indian activists in California occupied Alcatraz Island, formerly a federal prison, reclaiming it for their own and demanding a cultural facility on the rock. Of course! In our series revisiting our past coverage, we examined our 1970 reporting about the Fort Lawton occupation and found belittling language, racist stereotypes and underreporting. Mills said he left with a fat eye, a fat lip and a dislocated shoulder. You [The Seattle Times] only paid attention to the flash and grandstanding it was really the women who started it all.. 8 Hilda Bryant, On the Outside Looking Hopeful, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 22, 1970. 12 Bryant, On the Outside Looking Hopeful.. Over the next several weeks, the UIAT led two more occupations of the fort, an around-the-clock picket outside the fort grounds, and demonstrations in front of the United States Courthouse to protest the activists arrests and alleged military police brutality. A few of the men including Whitebear and a car mechanic named Leonard Peltier (Turtle Mountain Anishinaabe) were beaten in the stockade. Below, the Daily tells a story that the mainstream press missed. Partly due to federal relocation policies, Seattles Native population had grown sixfold between 1950 and 1970 (the citys overall population grew by 13.5%) but the resources theyd been promised were scant. 2 Bernie Whitebear, A Brief History of the United Indian of All Tribes Foundation, United Indians of All Tribes Foundation web site,http://www.unitedindians.com/fondhistory.html, 1994. But one of the most significant and least understood factors was the federal termination and relocation policy. We just recharged our batteries., The next days front page of The Seattle Times covered the events in two short, incongruously lighthearted stories: Jane Fonda Gripes About Detention at Fort Lewis and Indian Attack on Fort Fascinates World Press. (After being ejected from Fort Lawton, Fonda and a few others drove to Fort Lewis.). The New York Times reported on March 9, 1970 that the Indians attacked Fort Lawton at its main gates, set up diversionary actions, scaled bluffs and fences and managed to put up a teepee in the small clearing in some woods.16 In a related article, New York Times writer James Naughton acknowledged the American Indians plight, bringing national attention to the problems urban Indians were facing.17 He explored a number of issues, such as poor education and healthcare, and difficulties accessing welfare and other social services outside the reservation. The editorial did not address the fact that thousands of Indians, displaced from their tribal lands and then their reservations, came to call the city of Seattle their home and live in its many neighborhoods. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer cited the lack of endorsement as evidence that the states reservation Indians were not in total sympathy with the aims and methods of their urban brothers., As news of the Fort Lawton occupation and urban Indian issues reached readers throughout the city, the United Indians of All Tribes gained the support of local student publications. But in journalism, whats left unsaid whether it was overlooked or ignored can be as corrosive as a falsehood. On the national level, many new American Indian papers were founded, from Indian Voices in Chicago to Wassaja in San Francisco. The Helix reporter observed that despite the Indians defeat at the fort, People are becoming more aware of the validity of the Indians claim for recognition. In fact, this three-week series of demonstrations by the UIAT, with Colville Bernie Whitebear and Puyallup Bob Satiacum as their leaders and spokesmen, created a media buzz in the local, national, and international press. The consequences of such missteps in the media can cause lasting harm in our communities. Land Back is not just a hashtag. He told the Seattle Times that Indians used chains and threw objects to resist arrest and that two MPs were injured by Indians.52 He also said that two Indians were seen near a building which had caught fire and caused up to $500 worth of damage, implying that those two people were the ones who had set the fire. Instead of examining the recent and historic abuse and betrayal perpetrated on the tribes, The Times described that day's occupation of the Army post at Fort Lawton as "only a demonstration. The mainstream Seattle press cast the Seattle Indian activists in the mold of the age-old noble savage stereotype, portraying them as proud, noble Indian warriors. On March 9, 1970 the Seattle Post-Intelligencer began their coverage of the demonstration by writing, the weekend warriors met the Indian warriors at Fort Lawton, playfully describing the event as a clash between white and American Indian warriors, as opposed to a clash between military police and peaceful protesters.28 Seattle Post-Intelligencer political writer Shelby Scates described Bernie Whitebear as having the compact build of a middleweight fighter.29 Another Seattle Post-Intelligencer writer, Hilda Bryant, refers to one picketer outside the fort as a Sioux brave from Saskatchewan.30. Indians Began 2nd Week of Picketing, Seattle Times, March 17, 1970. Within hours, over 70 activists had been detained, then expelled from the base. On March 9, 1970, the day after the first occupation of Fort Lawton, the front page of the Seattle Times detailed the experiences of actress Jane Fonda, who attended the demonstration in support of the American Indians.6 Little mention was made of the UIAT, the demonstration, and its purpose until page A11. 58 Roger, Oh, Jane, Helix, March 12, 1970. Seattle Mayor Wes Uhlman sided with the senator. Lawton MPs Accused of Beating Indian Picketers, University Of Washington Daily, March 11, 1970. For decades, this paper failed to take Native American issues seriously, Native occupation of Fort Lawton: Words we used then and now, Our coverage of 1970 protest showed neglect of vital Native issues. The military police forcibly hauled them off to an overcrowded military jail, where 52 men were crowded into a small 12 foot by 14 foot cell., The Helix reporter had disdain for the military police and their commander, Colonel Palos, who was portrayed as a harsh authoritarian who straightened up nicely when he came into public view. Inspired by the success of the more militant Black Power movement, American Indians began to take direct action. Timeline: The creation of Fort Lawton, and the struggle to recover the land, dissolve tribes and move Native people to cities, How The Seattle Times underreported the 1970 occupation of Fort Lawton, A1 Revisited: Where to learn more about the 1970 Fort Lawton occupation, fishing-rights struggles in South Puget Sound, armed takeover of a juvenile-detention facility, Reexamining our 1970 coverage of Native American protests at Fort Lawton, Reexamining our 1942 coverage of the forced removal of Japanese Americans from Bainbridge Island. The Indians scaled the steep, western face of Magnolia Bluff to gain entrance to the forts grounds. A bold headline in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer read, MP Now Knows How Custer Felt.32 Writer Hilda Bryant quoted an Army guard who associated this event with the 1876 Battle of Little Bighorn, in which Colonel Custers troops were greatly outnumbered and defeated by the Sioux.33 Bryant wrote of the activists, About 100 of them, viewed as radicals by an alarmed white citizenry and as renegades by embarrassed reservation tribes, stormed the fort in what must have seemed to military police like a rerun of Custers Last Stand.34 The Seattle Times referred to the ordeal as the Battle of Fort Lawton.35, Equating the Fort Lawton demonstrations with wars and battles, the mainstream press referred to the occupation as an invasion or attack, although the papers occasionally acknowledged it was a peaceful demonstration. The story does not explain Native sovereignty, land rights, treaty failures, forced removal or genocide, all of which are important background information to understand the context for the demonstration. He told the Seattle Post-Intelligencer that he wanted the surplus land to be taken over by the city of Seattle to build one of the most beautiful city parks in the region.66 Rather than give the UIAT any of the land, he offered to give them input into how the city park would be developed. 1 Geronimos Revenge, Helix, March 20, 1970. Non-Native activists also showed up, including members of the Black Panther Party, local Latino activist Roberto Maestas and actor and activist Jane Fonda. The American Indian Press Association, founded in 1970, distributed news to over 150 Indian publications. 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