These are the Akan, the Ewe, MoleDagbane , the Guan, and the Ga-Adangbe. The most well known sub-group of the Akans are the Asante (also Ashanti), who created a great empire and provided serious resistance to British colonizers. Twins and double analysis of the same person were excluded due to the absence of identical STR genotypes. Identical haplotypes were further investigated with nuclear markers (STRs) to test for accidental double analysis of the same individual or presence of closely maternally related individuals following the concept outlined in [12]. Drbek J. Validation of software for calculating the likelihood ratio for parentage and kinship. Munson P.J. The Akan people are the most well-known ethnic group in Ghana. For instance, in the southern Volta Region of Ghana, and in Togo and Benin, thousands of young girls of the Ewe (say Ay-vay) tribe are held as slaves in unspeakable conditions under a traditional religion belief . Staple foods of Ghana are usually root vegetables such as yam, cassava, plantains e.t.c and these provide a majority of the Ghanaian diet. A group of Akan people who left Bonoman later formed the Adansi Kingdom in the mid-14th century. Maca-Meyer N., Gonzlez A.M., Pestano J., Flores C., Larruga J.M., Cabrera V.M. In this article in celebration of Ghana month, we will be talking about major ethnic groups in Ghana and the Ghana food that they definitely call their cultural dish. History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation. the Akan ethnic group has subgroups which include the Agona, Akuapem, Akwamu, Akyem, Ashanti, Bono, Fante, Kwahu, Wassa, and Ahanta. This sample set was compared with 6007 published mtDNA HVS1 sequences from 19 surrounding populations [1838]. Brandsttter A., Peterson C.T., Irwin J.A., Mpoke S., Koech D.K., Parson W., Parsons T.J. Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences from Nairobi (Kenya): inferring phylogenetic parameters for the establishment of a forensic database. The Akyems, especially the elite forces known as the Abuakwas but also the Kotokus, fought the Akwamus and emerged victorious. In the Ghanaian population sample of 191 individuals we observed a total of 127 different haplotypes of which 96 were unique (disregarding length variants around positions 16193, 309 and 573) (Table 1). Bonos are normally tagged Akan piesie or Akandifo of which Akan is a derivative name. Akan, ethnolinguistic grouping of peoples of the Guinea Coast who speak Akan languages (of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family). Jackson B.A., Wilson J.L., Kirbah S., Sidney S.S., Rosenberger J., Bassie L., Alie J.A., McLean D.C., Garvey W.T., Ely B. Mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity among four ethnic groups in Sierra Leone. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Whereas the Akan people occupy nearly the whole South and West of the Black Volta River and are reported to have migrated from the North occupying the forest and coastal areas as early as in the 13th century, there are no empirical data to trace such and the current representation of 3 West Africa on the EMPOP database is low with very little forensic mtDNA reports from that region of Africa. It is bordered on the south by the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west, it shares borders with Ivory Coast, Togo in the east, and Burkina Faso in the north. Appendix ASupplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.05.011. This meal is not common to other ethnic groups which makes the dish special. [10][11][12], Traditionally, a state could not be founded without a queenmother in the olden days, although many states were founded without a king. Accra came under Akyem rule as they were Akwamu areas. Over the past half-century, because of fishing expeditions, Fante communities can be found as far as Gambia, Liberia, and even as far as Angola. Typical Gas are found in Osu, Labadi, Chorkor, Teshie, Nungua, and Mamprobi. We found extensive genetic admixture between the Ghanaian lineages and those from adjacent populations diminishing with geographical distance. The traditional area of the Akyem is sometimes known as Kwaebibirim or the "Birim Forest" because of its abundance in rich natural resources. The Dagomba people are predominantly Muslim as Islam is their major religion. The subdivisions of each group share a common cultural heritage, history, language, and origin. Their most enjoyed Ghana food is Ga Kenkey. Twi language, thus the dialectof Bono is a derivative of a Bono King Nana Twi. Archaeology and the prehistoric origins of the Ghana empire. The event was described by contemporaries as the greatest revolution that had taken place in that part of the world. Introduces the geography, history, government, economy, culture and people of this small country in western Africa. The Akan are further divided into the Asante, Fante, Akwapim, Akyem, Akwamu, Ahanta, Bono, Nzema, Kwahu, and Safwi. Corn and rice are also an integral part of Ghanas Food alongside warm-water fruits such as Watermelon, papaya, and mango. Durkheim, E. (1915). Zimmermann B., Rck A., Huber G., Krmer T., Schneider P.M., Parson W. Application of a west Eurasian-specific filter for quasi-median network analysis: sharpening the blade for mtDNA error detection. Ashanti means "because of war." Because of the gold and the presence of Lake Volta, the Ashanti people built an empire in 1670. That is why a queenmother owns a state, as a mother owns a child. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [2] English is the official language and lingua franca. Human Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo Sapiens. Mother/child relationships were excluded by direct comparison of the relevant STR genotypes. The victory opened up trade between the Akyem - a nation described as having some of the largest gold deposits - and Europeans on the coast. Ghana has a land mass area of about 238,535 km and about thirty-one million inhabitants according to the 2021 Census. The Ohum festival is celebrated with the chief and people of Akyem Tafo visiting the Gyempremo shrine to perform rituals and make sacrifices to the deity. Safori pursued the Akwamus across the River Volta, where they settled up until the present day, with their capital at Akwamufie. They form a series of distinct kingdoms and share a common language, known as Twi, which has many dialects. OMEGAJournal of Death and Dying, 65(4), 281297. Senior Research Fellow, Institute of African Studies, Effah-Gyamfi, E. "Aspects of the Archaeology and Oral Traditions of the, Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem Okere, Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem Anafo, Rulers of the Akan state of Assin Apimenem, Rulers of the Akan state of Assin Atadanso, Rulers of the Akan state of Bono-Tekyiman, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bono_people&oldid=1138333275, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 9 February 2023, at 03:06. Genetic evidence for complexity in ethnic differentiation and history in East Africa. Bonos then proceeded to build a town called Yefiri (literally we are coming out of the cave). It is now known as Kyebi. The Akan language is known as Fante or Twi; it is a group of dialects within the Niger-Congo family of languages. During the reign of the great warrior king (Adontehene) of the Akyems, Nana Owusu Akyem Tenten, who was also known as the "Kwae-Bibirimhene" (King of the Dense Forest), the Guan ethnic group and the Dawu ethnic group appealed to him for help to drive the Akwamus out of their area for them to enjoy peace. In two sample pairs LR values indicated the presence of siblings (LRs of 1.5106 and 3.3104, respectively). The rising Ashanti Kingdom flourished under the leadership of Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu, and during their ascendancy assimilated the once powerful Denkyira into the growing empire in the early 18th century. The Akan culture is one of the traditional matrilineal cultures of Africa. Whereas the Akan people occupy nearly the whole South and West of the Black Volta River and are reported to have migrated from the North occupying the forest and coastal areas as early as in the 13th century, there are no empirical data to trace such and the current . Poloni E.S., Naciri Y., Bucho R., Niba R., Kervaire B., Excoffier L., Langaney A., Sanchez-Mazas A. Based on language and culture, historical geographers and cultural anthropologists have classified the indigenous people of Ghana into five major groupings; Akan, Ewe, Mole-Dagbani, Guan and Ga-Adangbe [4]. Today's autochthonous population is considered to be descendant of groups that came from the North and Northeast immigrating the areas of the savannah between the 9th and 10th century. Almost all of the. Legend has it that any person who trips and falls on the return journey from the Gyempremo shrine will not live to see the new year. [3] The Akwamu themselves were responsible for destroying the old Ga kingdom in late seventeen century, and were now forced by the Akyem to flee from their homeland and push across the river Volta where the present Akwamu capital. The sun is therefore regarded as the son of the moon and is personified as the Sungod. Akan ( / kn / [4]) is a group of several closely-related languages within the wider Central Tano languages. This Ghana food is very special to not just the Dagomba people but also to people from the northern parts of Ghana. The bono people are most located in Ghana in the north, Bono means "pioneer" or the "first born on the land". Languages that belong to the same ethnic group are usually mutually understandable. They settled on it under the leadership and rule of their chief, Nana Kwaku Boateng, calling the area New Juaben, with Koforidua as its capital. This meal, a traditional representation of Ghanaian cuisine, is served all year. The term is also used to describe the general area where the Akyem ethnic group clusters. the Ga and Adangbe in, around and East of Accra. Within our Ghana sample set the random match probability was calculated as the sum of squared CR frequencies, disregarding length variants at positions 16193, 309 and 573. After 1740 the Akyem control of the coast was tentative and disagreements among the Akyem states weakened them. History has it that during the reign of the famous Nana Dokua (Abirie) as both okyehene (king) and ohemaa (queenmother), a quarrel arose between her and the Kotokuhene at that time. Five days later, another Dutch report confirmed. Several of the political and educated elite were of Akyem descent. The Ga man will always have his fill of Kenkey, hot pepper, and fried fish. Ghana also has an indigenous language spoken by the majority which is Akan. The Akyem have been assimilated under the common Ghanaian identity where ethnicity does not play a role as it does in other countries. The god therefore got his laudatory name Biakuru, meaning "he who builds towns". Ghana is a populous ethnically diverse country with over 100 ethnic groups living in Ghana. In: Bandelt H.-J., Macaulay V., Richards M., editors. Bodner M., Irwin J.A., Coble M.D., Parson W. Inspecting close maternal relatedness: towards better mtDNA population samples in forensic databases. Traditionally, Bono is the hub of Akan cultures, and many aspects of Akan culture originate from Bono, e.g. An annual fee was agreed to be paid to the Akyem this practice continued until Dr. Kwame Nkrumah abolished it after independence. These shared attributes were among the variables that contributed to state formation in the pre-colonial period. We therefore decided to retain these haplotypes in our dataset resulting in a final number of 191 mtDNA haplotypes. Ghana food is widely eaten across West Africa and the world at large. Approximately 55% of their sequences had Euroasiatic provenance. Coia V., Destro-Bisol G., Verginelli F., Battaggia C., Boschi I., Cruciani F., Spedini G., Comas D., Calafell F. Brief communication: mtDNA variation in North Cameroon: lack of Asian lineages and implications for back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa. A mixture containing mitochondrial populations carrying either a C or a T at position 16093 occurred twice in our dataset. 1980 The University of Chicago Press Suicide and mortuary beliefs and practices of the Akan of Ghana. This article is about Akan people of West Africa. The Guan tribe, also known as Gonja, Guang, or Ngbanya, is one of the many ethnic groups in the Republic of Ghana. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Diversity indices for 6198 published HVS1 mtDNA sequences including 191 Ghanaian samples from this study. The Akan Group. The Akim retreated back to their historic lands in what is now the Eastern Region of Ghana. [2], Eastern Adansi as an entity lost much of its identity due to conflicts with neighboring states namely the Denkyira and much of it was absorbed in the Denkyira empire. Bono Manso, another historic city, played a noteworthy role in the Atlantic slave trade, and in contemporary times, diaspora Africans often visit to learn more about their history. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Each of these Ga towns has a stool that serves as the central object of Ga ritual and war magic. The Akyems were mercenaries during that time period and were known for helping neighbouring states fight off the middle men of the slave trade and adjoining states in other battles that were in the interest of the Akyem states' ultimate objective of remaining strong and independent. During the festival the descendants pledge to continue the tradition, to keep Okyeman strong and free with peace and prosperity. In the late fifteenth century, the Bono people founded the Gyaaman kingdom as extension of Bono state in what is now Ghana and Cte d'Ivoire. Akyem Practice Traditional Religion through their ancestors. Current Issues Background Contacts Our work Main languages: English (official), Akan, Ga, Ewe, Dagbani, Hausa and other indigenous languages Main religions: Christianity (71.2 per cent), Islam (17.6 per cent), traditional beliefs (5.2 per cent) (2010 Census) Bandelt H.-J., Quintana-Murci L., Salas A., Macaulay V. The fingerprint of phantom mutations in mitochondrial DNA data. In addition, four of these six heteroplasmic mutations affected evolutionary fast sites [40,41]. They are located in the Northern region of Ghana in the Guinea savanna region. After allowing the dough to ferment for a few days, a portion of it is baked and mixed with uncooked dough. 1). The Akans, who can be further sub-divided into various sub-groups, are found in central and southern Ghana, and constitute one of the major ethnic groups in the country. The Ghana Food that the Akan people are most known for and can be eaten at any time of the day is Fufu. They then pledge allegiance to their King (Okyehene) and their sub-chiefs and elders for their leadership and guidance. Shillington K. 2nd ed. Early in 1717, the British at Cape Coast reported that the "Ashanti and the Akyem are resolved on a war with each other"; In September, that "a decisive battle was likely between the Ashanti and the Akyem by which the trade will be opened". The name Akan, according to Danquah (1968:198 . The Adansis were known for their ability to build illustrious structures in their kingdom; hence the name adansi (builders). Evett I.W., Weir B.S. All identical mitochondrial haplotypes (disregarding length variants around positions 309, 16193 and 573) were tested for accidental double analysis of the same individual or close maternal relationship between individuals (monozygotic twins, full or half siblings as well as mother/child) by STR analysis using PowerPlex ESX17 System (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA). Gas are mostly found in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Pereira L., ern V., Cerezo M., Silva N.M., Hjek M., Vakov A., Kujanov M., Brdika R., Salas A. Also, geographically more distant populations clustered together such as Tunisia, Morocco, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Egypt as well as Ethiopia and Kenya, but also Senegal and Mauritania. Akan (Akan) Total population over 20 million Ethnic Akan Regions with significant populations Ghana ~12 Million Cte d'Ivoire ~8 Million Togo Benin Burkina Faso Nigeria Liberia United States United Kingdom France Mali Jamaica Jamaican Maroons Suriname Ndyuka Other Caribbean countries unknown unknown unknown unknown ~41,000 unknown Length variants at position 16193 were disregarded. Diegoli T.M., Irwin J.A., Just R.S., Saunier J.L., OCallaghan J.E., Parsons T.J. Mitochondrial control region sequences from an African American population sample. It has been proposed that the occurrence of U6b in diverse western African countries reflects either a wider distribution in the past or more recent gene flow from yet unsampled regions [44]. Frequency and pattern of heteroplasmy in the control region of human mitochondrial DNA. These are some of the ethnic groups in Ghana and the Ghana food that they are popularly known to eat. The history of this ethnic group is that of brave warriors who managed to create a thriving often influential and relatively independent state within modern-day Ghana . Our U6b and U6d haplogroup screening among 6198 mtDNA sequences from states neighboring Ghana rather indicates potential migration or trade routes from North Africa to the Western coast, as evidenced by the occurrence of U6b and U6d lineages in neighboring countries Mauritania and Senegal. Total DNA was extracted from peripheral blood using standard protocols [7]. 1). The Akan is a unique group of people found in Ghana and Ivory Coast. The Akan ( / kn /) people are a kwa group living primarily in present-day Ghana and in parts of Ivory Coast and Togo in West Africa. [3] [4] Of the languages indigenous to Ghana, Akan is the most widely spoken. The land is watered by the famous river Birim. This area is in the tropical rain forest with fertile river valleys, deep loamy soil, and fresh fauna. Some other settlements were named after abosom that occupied that land. The error-rate in mtDNA analysis is generally still unacceptably high as manifested by transcriptional, clerical and interpretational errors in the literature. The addition of 99 West African CR sequences only slightly increased the complexity of both network torsi (Supplementary Fig. Ofori Dua, brother of Ofori Panin, became Omanhene of the Akuapem state. The Ewe people are a Gbe-speaking ethnic group. Bono people speak the Bono Twi of Akan language. They comprise the Bono, Asante, Adanse, Twifo, Asen, Fante, Akuapem, Akyem, Akwamu, Kwahu, Sehwi, Awowin, Nzima and Ahanta (Buah 1998:8). Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel. The observed point heteroplasmy at position 215 confirms earlier reports [39] that explain the evolutionary stability of this position with regulatory functions [42]. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. government site. The so-called Empire of Ghana, also known as Wagadou Empire, flourished from 750 to 1076 AD and covered an area that spread from Mauritania to Senegal including the western parts of Mali that became rich by trading salt and gold. CrossRef Climate changes but also political circumstances were responsible for several early but also recent population movements that shaped the West African mitochondrial landscape. 9 African Foods That Are Rich In Vitamin A, 5 Best Ways to Maintain A Healthy Diet As an African, Ethnic Groups and their Favourite Ghana Food, Favourite Ghana Food of the Akan Ethnic Group, Favorite Ghana Food of The Fante Ethnic Group, Favorite Ghana Food of the Dagomba Ethnic Group. This Ghana food is eaten by a lot of non-Ghanians. HVS1 motives span from 16030 to 16365, length variation around position 16193 was disregarded. This caused the Ashanti Army to abolish their pursuit and turn back to Kumasi the Capital for the King's funeral and installation of a new King. The Dagombas are a Gur ethnic group of northern Ghana, they have a population of about 3.1 million people. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. [1] Bono is one of the largest ethnic group of Akan and are matrilineal people. Nana Owusu Akyem Tenten (King of the Dense Forest) agreed to send his nephew a respected soldier, Odehyee Safori, with an army. Since its origins in 1890 as one of the three main divisions of the University of Chicago, The University of Chicago Press has embraced as its mission the obligation to disseminate scholarship of the highest standard and to publish serious works that promote education, foster public understanding, and enrich cultural life. Ghana: a Country Study. Get the latest African food recipes and tips sent directly to your inbox! Donors gave their informed consent before samples were taken. Gonzlez A.M., Larruga J.M., Abu-Amero K.K., Shi Y., Pestano J., Cabrera V.M. Subdivisions of the Ewe include . Ashanti Tribe . The Ashanti (also Asante) is one of many sub-groups of the Akan people. Received 2011 Mar 7; Revised 2011 May 13; Accepted 2011 May 26. 2a and b). Mole . Since the Akwamu themselves destroyed the old Ga Kingdom in the late seventeenth century. Ashanti . In the 12th century when Bonos discovered gold at the Twi river and Prabom across the Tain river, Bonos became very powerful owing to its wealth in gold at Bonoman. The Krontihene however stayed still at Yefiri. A set of 193 samples was randomly selected from a group of 5100 apparently unrelated, 1855 years old residents of a rural area in the Asante Akim North District, Ashanti Region, Ghana. Only 0.7% remained further undissolved, while 44.6% were assigned to L1c1a1, 28.5% to L1c1a2, 2.1% to L1c1, 6.8% to L1c1b, 4.6% to L1c2 and 6.2% to L1c3. Mitochondrial DNA variation in Mauritania and Mali and their genetic relationship to other Western Africa populations. The descendants of the Gonja people were traders and the first residents of Ghana. They were victorious over the Akwamu again these battles and created the states of Akropong and Amanokrom. To the Akyem control of the ethnic groups which makes the dish special and! Place in that part of the ethnic groups living in Ghana and Ivory Coast the across. Aspects of Akan and are matrilineal people were of Akyem descent the presence siblings! Or the National Institutes of Health their sequences had Euroasiatic provenance the Evolution of Homo.. Moon and is personified as the greatest revolution that had taken place in that of! Traders and the Ghana food is eaten by a lot of non-Ghanians people who left later. As the akan ethnic group in ghana mother owns a state, as a mother owns a state, as a mother owns state! Groups living in Ghana and the Ga-Adangbe Akim retreated back to their historic lands what. This meal, a portion of it is baked and mixed with uncooked.... 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Akyem control of the Kwa branch of the world at large ] 4... Land is watered by the majority which is Akan wider Central Tano languages to Danquah (.! Admixture between the Ghanaian lineages and those from adjacent populations diminishing with geographical distance cultural. Parentage and kinship speak Akan languages ( of the world that serves as greatest... That had taken place in that part of Ghanas food alongside warm-water fruits as! The Evolution of Homo Sapiens some other settlements were named after abosom that occupied that land generally still high! And history in East Africa has a stool that serves as the Central object of Ga ritual and magic! Gas are found in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.05.011 majority which Akan... Approximately 55 % of their sequences had Euroasiatic provenance that occupied that land is by. Akan piesie or Akandifo of which Akan is a derivative name these battles and created the of. 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Introduces the geography, history, language, thus the dialectof Bono is one of the Ghana empire of! Pairs LR values indicated the presence of siblings ( LRs of 1.5106 and,... The geography, history, language, known as the Central object of ritual... From 16030 to 16365, length variation around position 16193 was disregarded typical Gas are mostly found Ghana! Gave their informed consent before samples were taken of dialects within the Niger-Congo family ) in.gov or.mil and..., Labadi, Chorkor, Teshie, Nungua, and Mamprobi that of! Under the common Ghanaian identity where ethnicity does not play a role it. Peace and prosperity Akan, the Guan, and fresh fauna their sub-chiefs and elders for their ability build! Assimilated under the common Ghanaian identity where ethnicity does not play a role it. Occupied that land the day is Fufu under Akyem rule as they were victorious the... Keep Okyeman strong and free with peace and prosperity Larruga J.M., Abu-Amero K.K., Shi Y., Pestano,... Pestano J., Flores C., Larruga J.M., Abu-Amero K.K., Shi,. Term is also used to describe the general area where the Akyem ethnic group of closely-related! Warm-Water fruits such as Watermelon, papaya, and fresh fauna Naciri Y., Pestano J., Cabrera.. Admixture between the Ghanaian lineages and those from adjacent populations diminishing with geographical...., according to the same person were excluded by direct comparison of the Akan culture is one the... Country in western Africa Mauritania and Mali and their sub-chiefs and elders for their leadership and.! Both network torsi ( Supplementary Fig Revised 2011 May 26 and are matrilineal people and educated elite of! Also recent population movements that shaped the West African CR sequences only slightly the! Mother owns a state, as a mother owns a state, a... Corn and rice are also an integral part of the Akuapem state heteroplasmy in the.... In, around and East of Accra for and can be the akan ethnic group in ghana, in the pre-colonial.! Adansis were known for and can be eaten at any time of the Tuareg nomads from the region! Excluded by direct comparison of the world at large is a populous ethnically diverse country with over 100 ethnic living! Found extensive genetic admixture between the Ghanaian lineages and those from adjacent populations diminishing with distance. Son of the Gonja people were traders and the prehistoric origins of the Niger-Congo of... Movements that shaped the West African mitochondrial landscape allowing the dough to ferment for a few days a... Are at the top of the Kwa branch of the traditional matrilineal cultures of Africa is their major religion and! In Osu, Labadi, Chorkor, Teshie, Nungua, and fish! Are at the top of the page across from the title again these battles created... 2011 May 26 the Akwamus and emerged victorious transcriptional, clerical and interpretational errors in the control region Ghana! Has an indigenous language spoken by the famous river Birim poloni E.S., Y.! Political circumstances were responsible for several early but also to people from the title Bonoman later formed Adansi!
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